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<p>In this study, we examine the experiences of non-binary individuals across Europe, focusing on how gender identity shapes personal well-being and satisfaction with democracy. Drawing on recent Eurobarometer surveys (2020–2023) which allowed respondents to identify as non-binary, we compare the profiles and perspectives of non-binary people with those identifying as men or women. Results show that non-binary respondents are more likely to be younger, highly educated, urban, and politically left-leaning. However, they consistently report lower levels of life satisfaction and lower trust in democratic institutions. These differences remain even after accounting for age, education, residence, social class, and political orientation, pointing to the importance of institutional marginalization. Beyond advancing academic knowledge, these findings highlight implications for practice and policy: Counselors, educators, community advocates, and policymakers should recognize how structural barriers shape the quality of life and civic engagement of non-binary people. Supporting inclusive environments, ensuring visibility in public data, and strengthening democratic inclusion efforts can contribute to reducing disparities and fostering well-being.</p>

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Non-Binary Lives in Europe: Identity, Subjective Well-Being, and Democratic Satisfaction in a Changing Social Landscape

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月6日

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  • Cosima Rughiniș,
  • Simona-Nicoleta Vulpe,
  • Ștefania Matei

摘要

In this study, we examine the experiences of non-binary individuals across Europe, focusing on how gender identity shapes personal well-being and satisfaction with democracy. Drawing on recent Eurobarometer surveys (2020–2023) which allowed respondents to identify as non-binary, we compare the profiles and perspectives of non-binary people with those identifying as men or women. Results show that non-binary respondents are more likely to be younger, highly educated, urban, and politically left-leaning. However, they consistently report lower levels of life satisfaction and lower trust in democratic institutions. These differences remain even after accounting for age, education, residence, social class, and political orientation, pointing to the importance of institutional marginalization. Beyond advancing academic knowledge, these findings highlight implications for practice and policy: Counselors, educators, community advocates, and policymakers should recognize how structural barriers shape the quality of life and civic engagement of non-binary people. Supporting inclusive environments, ensuring visibility in public data, and strengthening democratic inclusion efforts can contribute to reducing disparities and fostering well-being.