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<p>The potential of carbon dioxide and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane in their liquid and supercritical states as environmentally friendly (green) solvents for metal-free liquid-phase chemical transformations has been substantiated. This review summarizes data on <i>N</i>-, <i>O</i>-, and <i>C</i>-nitration carried out in these media. Particular attention is given to the application of liquid (liq-CO<sub>2</sub>) and supercritical carbon dioxide (sc-CO<sub>2</sub>) in condensation of carbonyl compounds with amines, including the one-pot tandem transformations of the resulting imines. The oxidative functionalization of cycloalkanes induced by near-UV light in the presence of nitrogen dioxide under sc-CO<sub>2</sub> conditions is discussed. The effectiveness of sc-CO<sub>2</sub> as a solvent in photooxidation of alcohols and sulfides with molecular oxygen in the presence of such metal-free photocatalysts as 2-fluoroanthraquinone and graphitic carbon nitride is demonstrated. Additionally, recent advances in asymmetric aldol reactions, conjugate additions, and cascade reactions catalyzed by chiral amines in liq-CO<sub>2</sub> and sc-CO<sub>2</sub> media are reviewed.</p>

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Metal-free organic synthesis in liquefied gases: achievements and prospects

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月1日

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  • I. V. Kuchurov,
  • M. N. Zharkov,
  • S. G. Zlotin

摘要

The potential of carbon dioxide and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane in their liquid and supercritical states as environmentally friendly (green) solvents for metal-free liquid-phase chemical transformations has been substantiated. This review summarizes data on N-, O-, and C-nitration carried out in these media. Particular attention is given to the application of liquid (liq-CO2) and supercritical carbon dioxide (sc-CO2) in condensation of carbonyl compounds with amines, including the one-pot tandem transformations of the resulting imines. The oxidative functionalization of cycloalkanes induced by near-UV light in the presence of nitrogen dioxide under sc-CO2 conditions is discussed. The effectiveness of sc-CO2 as a solvent in photooxidation of alcohols and sulfides with molecular oxygen in the presence of such metal-free photocatalysts as 2-fluoroanthraquinone and graphitic carbon nitride is demonstrated. Additionally, recent advances in asymmetric aldol reactions, conjugate additions, and cascade reactions catalyzed by chiral amines in liq-CO2 and sc-CO2 media are reviewed.