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<p>In this study, we report the synthesis of the copper-grafted semiconductor Bi<sub>2</sub>W<sub>2</sub>O<sub>9</sub>. The presence of copper was confirmed by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), which revealed a broad band between 500 and 800&#xa0;nm attributed to <i>d-d</i> electronic transitions of Cu<sup>2+</sup> ions in a distorted octahedral environment, typical of CuO. The high dispersion of copper was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high-angle annular dark-field (HAADF-STEM) analysis. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) suggests that copper species induce a redistribution of electron density around surface bismuth and tungsten atoms, which may promote the formation of oxygen vacancies in the semiconductor lattice. Photocatalytic activity was evaluated through the degradation of the antibiotic tetracycline, with the 0.75Cu-BWO sample exhibiting an apparent degradation rate constant of 28.4 ± 0.85&#xa0;min<sup>−1</sup>, approximately nine times higher than that of pristine Bi<sub>2</sub>W<sub>2</sub>O<sub>9</sub>. Scavenger experiments confirmed that superoxide anions and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> play the dominant role among the reactive species. Copper species also play a key role in promoting Fenton-like reactions during the photocatalytic reaction. Furthermore, the degradation of ibuprofen, ciprofloxacin, and salicylic acid demonstrated the versatility of the copper-grafted Bi<sub>2</sub>W<sub>2</sub>O<sub>9</sub> photocatalysts against other emerging pharmaceutical pollutants.</p>

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Copper species grafted on Bi2W2O9 for the degradation of pharmaceutical pollutants

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月10日

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  • A. I. Navarro-Aguilar,
  • S. Obregón,
  • M. A. Ruiz-Gómez,
  • R. Herrera-Rivera,
  • D. Sánchez-Martínez,
  • D. B. Hernández-Uresti

摘要

In this study, we report the synthesis of the copper-grafted semiconductor Bi2W2O9. The presence of copper was confirmed by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), which revealed a broad band between 500 and 800 nm attributed to d-d electronic transitions of Cu2+ ions in a distorted octahedral environment, typical of CuO. The high dispersion of copper was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high-angle annular dark-field (HAADF-STEM) analysis. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) suggests that copper species induce a redistribution of electron density around surface bismuth and tungsten atoms, which may promote the formation of oxygen vacancies in the semiconductor lattice. Photocatalytic activity was evaluated through the degradation of the antibiotic tetracycline, with the 0.75Cu-BWO sample exhibiting an apparent degradation rate constant of 28.4 ± 0.85 min−1, approximately nine times higher than that of pristine Bi2W2O9. Scavenger experiments confirmed that superoxide anions and H2O2 play the dominant role among the reactive species. Copper species also play a key role in promoting Fenton-like reactions during the photocatalytic reaction. Furthermore, the degradation of ibuprofen, ciprofloxacin, and salicylic acid demonstrated the versatility of the copper-grafted Bi2W2O9 photocatalysts against other emerging pharmaceutical pollutants.