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Abstract <p>The escalating threat of antimicrobial resistance and the limitations of conventional cancer therapies necessitate the development of novel multifunctional agents. Here, we report an eco-friendly protocol for synthesizing a trimetallic Ag/ZnO/MgO nanocomposite (NC) using an aqueous leaf extract of <i>Cinnamomum camphora</i> L. Response surface methodology optimized synthesis conditions to pH 8.0, 38&#xa0;°C, and 3.4&#xa0;h. UV–Vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM–EDX/mapping, TEM, DLS/zeta potential, and TGA confirmed the formation of a crystalline, predominantly spherical NC (~ 48–59&#xa0;nm) with porous features and good thermal stability. The extract showed abundant phenolic compounds, including flavonoids and tannins, supporting bioreduction and capping. The Ag/ZnO/MgO NC exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against <i>Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli,</i> and <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>, with MIC values as low as 62.5&#xa0;µg/mL. It also inhibited biofilm formation in <i>S. aureus</i> and <i>E. coli</i> (up to ~ 85%) and downregulated associated virulence genes (<i>icaA, icaD, papC</i>, and <i>fimH</i>). In addition, the NCs demonstrated selective cytotoxicity toward MCF-7 breast cancer cells (IC<sub>50</sub> =  109.53&#xa0;µg/mL) compared with normal Vero cells (IC<sub>50</sub> = 278.23&#xa0;µg/mL), associated with apoptosis induction and cell cycle arrest at S and G2/M phases. The NC further showed antioxidant (DPPH IC<sub>50</sub> =  258.3&#xa0;µg/mL and ABTs&#xa0;IC₅₀&#xa0;= 199.1) lipase inhibitory activity (IC<sub>50</sub> = 168.36&#xa0;µg/mL). These findings underscore the Ag/ZnO/MgO nanocomposite as a promising, multitarget therapeutic agent with significant potential for combating drug-resistant infections, cancer, and oxidative stress-related disorders.</p> Graphical abstract <p>A green cascade: From&#xa0;<i>C. camphora</i>&#xa0;leaf to multitarget Ag/ZnO/MgO nanocomposite.</p>

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Ag-decorated ZnO/MgO nanocomposite derived from Cinnamomum camphora: synthesis and functional evaluation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月27日

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  • Munirah F. Aldayel,
  • Nada H. Aljarba,
  • Adil Abalkhail,
  • Abdulkarim S. Binshaya,
  • Mohamed K. Y. Soliman

摘要

Abstract

The escalating threat of antimicrobial resistance and the limitations of conventional cancer therapies necessitate the development of novel multifunctional agents. Here, we report an eco-friendly protocol for synthesizing a trimetallic Ag/ZnO/MgO nanocomposite (NC) using an aqueous leaf extract of Cinnamomum camphora L. Response surface methodology optimized synthesis conditions to pH 8.0, 38 °C, and 3.4 h. UV–Vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM–EDX/mapping, TEM, DLS/zeta potential, and TGA confirmed the formation of a crystalline, predominantly spherical NC (~ 48–59 nm) with porous features and good thermal stability. The extract showed abundant phenolic compounds, including flavonoids and tannins, supporting bioreduction and capping. The Ag/ZnO/MgO NC exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, with MIC values as low as 62.5 µg/mL. It also inhibited biofilm formation in S. aureus and E. coli (up to ~ 85%) and downregulated associated virulence genes (icaA, icaD, papC, and fimH). In addition, the NCs demonstrated selective cytotoxicity toward MCF-7 breast cancer cells (IC50 =  109.53 µg/mL) compared with normal Vero cells (IC50 = 278.23 µg/mL), associated with apoptosis induction and cell cycle arrest at S and G2/M phases. The NC further showed antioxidant (DPPH IC50 =  258.3 µg/mL and ABTs IC₅₀ = 199.1) lipase inhibitory activity (IC50 = 168.36 µg/mL). These findings underscore the Ag/ZnO/MgO nanocomposite as a promising, multitarget therapeutic agent with significant potential for combating drug-resistant infections, cancer, and oxidative stress-related disorders.

Graphical abstract

A green cascade: From C. camphora leaf to multitarget Ag/ZnO/MgO nanocomposite.