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<p>Compared to traditional Type-II heterojunctions, Z-scheme heterojunctions retain high-energy photogenerated carriers, enabling efficient degradation of refractory pollutants in wastewater. In this study, waste mangosteen shells were employed as a sustainable feedstock to prepare porous biochar (MBC) via oxygen-limited pyrolysis. Subsequently, an MBC-modified hydrothermal approach was utilized to fabricate a Z-scheme NiO/Ce-doped g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> heterojunction (denoted as MBC/NiO/Ce-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>). The synthesized composite were systematically characterized, such as XRD, SEM, FTIR, UV–Vis DRS, XPS, PL, and EIS. Furthermore, the photocatalytic performance for rhodamine B (RhB) and tetracycline (TC) under visible light was systematically investigated. Results showed that the optimized catalyst exhibited exceptional photocatalytic activity, achieving 97.4% degradation of RhB within 25&#xa0;min and 95.3% degradation of TC within 30&#xa0;min. The corresponding degradation rate constants were 2.17 and 3.21 times higher than pristine g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> for RhB and TC, respectively, and 2.26 and 8.88 times greater than pure NiO. Mechanistic studies revealed that the porous structure of biochar enhanced pollutant adsorption, Ce doping effectively modulated the band structure, and the Z-scheme heterojunction formed between NiO and Ce-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> significantly facilitated the separation of photogenerated charge carriers. Radical scavenging experiments confirmed that superoxide radicals (·O<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>) and hydroxyl radicals (·OH) served as the primary reactive species. This research offers novel insights into the valorization of agricultural and forestry waste and the rational design of highly efficient photocatalytic materials for environmental remediation.</p>

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Synergistic degradation of rhodamine B and tetracycline by NiO/Ce-C3N4 Z-scheme heterojunction modified with mangosteen shell biochar

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月25日

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  • Xiao-fang Li,
  • Hong-quan Jiao,
  • Xiao-qiang Feng

摘要

Compared to traditional Type-II heterojunctions, Z-scheme heterojunctions retain high-energy photogenerated carriers, enabling efficient degradation of refractory pollutants in wastewater. In this study, waste mangosteen shells were employed as a sustainable feedstock to prepare porous biochar (MBC) via oxygen-limited pyrolysis. Subsequently, an MBC-modified hydrothermal approach was utilized to fabricate a Z-scheme NiO/Ce-doped g-C3N4 heterojunction (denoted as MBC/NiO/Ce-C3N4). The synthesized composite were systematically characterized, such as XRD, SEM, FTIR, UV–Vis DRS, XPS, PL, and EIS. Furthermore, the photocatalytic performance for rhodamine B (RhB) and tetracycline (TC) under visible light was systematically investigated. Results showed that the optimized catalyst exhibited exceptional photocatalytic activity, achieving 97.4% degradation of RhB within 25 min and 95.3% degradation of TC within 30 min. The corresponding degradation rate constants were 2.17 and 3.21 times higher than pristine g-C3N4 for RhB and TC, respectively, and 2.26 and 8.88 times greater than pure NiO. Mechanistic studies revealed that the porous structure of biochar enhanced pollutant adsorption, Ce doping effectively modulated the band structure, and the Z-scheme heterojunction formed between NiO and Ce-C3N4 significantly facilitated the separation of photogenerated charge carriers. Radical scavenging experiments confirmed that superoxide radicals (·O2−) and hydroxyl radicals (·OH) served as the primary reactive species. This research offers novel insights into the valorization of agricultural and forestry waste and the rational design of highly efficient photocatalytic materials for environmental remediation.