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<p>The adsorption properties of activated carbon (AC) and the activation of sodium persulfate (PS) by iron-based materials for organic contaminant degradation have been extensively studied. However, the synergistic function of these two approaches for contaminant removal requires further theoretical exploration. In this research, naphthalene (NAP) was chosen as the target contaminant, and PS was used as the oxidant to evaluate the NAP degradation performance in three systems: PS/FeS/AC, PS/FeS<sub>2</sub>/AC, and PS/ZVI (zero-valent iron)/AC. All systems achieved over 95% NAP degradation within 120&#xa0;min in optimized chemical dosages, confirming the synergistic performance between iron-based materials and AC. Sulfate radical was the dominant reactive oxygen species for NAP degradation. NAP degradation proceeded through hydroxylation reaction, ring-opening reaction, low molecule compounds oxidation, and final mineralization. The acute and chronic toxicities of NAP were significantly higher than those of the detected intermediates, showing a low risk of secondary pollution during NAP degradation. Cycling experiments highlighted the sustainable reactivity and synergistic enhancement facilitated by AC. In actual groundwater test, the inhibitory effect of HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> was effectively mitigated by pre-adjustment of initial solution pH. This study discovered that three systems, PS/FeS/AC, PS/FeS<sub>2</sub>/AC, and PS/ZVI/AC, can efficiently degrade NAP, providing a theoretical basis and technical support for the remediation of NAP-contaminated water bodies.</p>

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Synergistic activation of persulfate by iron-based materials coupled with activated carbon for naphthalene degradation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月11日

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  • Ruzhuang Zhang

摘要

The adsorption properties of activated carbon (AC) and the activation of sodium persulfate (PS) by iron-based materials for organic contaminant degradation have been extensively studied. However, the synergistic function of these two approaches for contaminant removal requires further theoretical exploration. In this research, naphthalene (NAP) was chosen as the target contaminant, and PS was used as the oxidant to evaluate the NAP degradation performance in three systems: PS/FeS/AC, PS/FeS2/AC, and PS/ZVI (zero-valent iron)/AC. All systems achieved over 95% NAP degradation within 120 min in optimized chemical dosages, confirming the synergistic performance between iron-based materials and AC. Sulfate radical was the dominant reactive oxygen species for NAP degradation. NAP degradation proceeded through hydroxylation reaction, ring-opening reaction, low molecule compounds oxidation, and final mineralization. The acute and chronic toxicities of NAP were significantly higher than those of the detected intermediates, showing a low risk of secondary pollution during NAP degradation. Cycling experiments highlighted the sustainable reactivity and synergistic enhancement facilitated by AC. In actual groundwater test, the inhibitory effect of HCO3− was effectively mitigated by pre-adjustment of initial solution pH. This study discovered that three systems, PS/FeS/AC, PS/FeS2/AC, and PS/ZVI/AC, can efficiently degrade NAP, providing a theoretical basis and technical support for the remediation of NAP-contaminated water bodies.