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<p>Lignin, the main component of lignocellulose, is the only organic polymer in the ecosystem that can synthesise aromatic compounds. However, its utilization for high-value applications is still limited. In this study, an efficient and cost-effective niobium oxide (Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>)-loaded attapulgite (ATP) catalyst (Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>-ATP) was developed for the selective depolymerization of lignin to produce phenolic compounds. The catalyst’s acidic sites and mesoporous structure were optimized through an impregnation–roasting process, and its physicochemical properties were characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis. The highest bio-oil yield (54.44%) was obtained using a formic acid/isopropanol solvent system at 240&#xa0;°C for 8&#xa0;h. Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis revealed that G-type phenolic compounds were prevalent, with guaiacol accounting for 30.22%. Combining GC–MS results with experimental data enabled the elucidation of the lignin depolymerization mechanism. Catalyst recycling tests showed that Nb₂O₅–ATP maintained excellent catalytic activity and stability after five consecutive cycles.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Niobium-modified acid-treated attapulgite for catalytic lignin conversion to phenolic monomers

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月18日

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  • Yudian Zhang,
  • Shujun Zhou,
  • Wenjing Xu,
  • Jiaxin Liu,
  • Xiaoli Gu

摘要

Lignin, the main component of lignocellulose, is the only organic polymer in the ecosystem that can synthesise aromatic compounds. However, its utilization for high-value applications is still limited. In this study, an efficient and cost-effective niobium oxide (Nb2O5)-loaded attapulgite (ATP) catalyst (Nb2O5-ATP) was developed for the selective depolymerization of lignin to produce phenolic compounds. The catalyst’s acidic sites and mesoporous structure were optimized through an impregnation–roasting process, and its physicochemical properties were characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis. The highest bio-oil yield (54.44%) was obtained using a formic acid/isopropanol solvent system at 240 °C for 8 h. Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis revealed that G-type phenolic compounds were prevalent, with guaiacol accounting for 30.22%. Combining GC–MS results with experimental data enabled the elucidation of the lignin depolymerization mechanism. Catalyst recycling tests showed that Nb₂O₅–ATP maintained excellent catalytic activity and stability after five consecutive cycles.

Graphical Abstract