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Abstract <p>Synthesis of nanomaterials employing a green approach has become a popular trend in recent years due to its ability to design a fast, cost-effective, and non-toxic process. Herein, green-TiO<sub>2</sub> (G-TiO<sub>2</sub>) nanoparticles have been developed using the fruit pericarp extract of Sapindus Mukorossi (soapnut) as a capping agent and water-soluble TiOSO<sub>4</sub> as the source of Ti to reduce the cost of the reaction. The prepared G-TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs were characterized by using XRD, UV-DRS, FT-IR, Raman, PL, HR-TEM, and BET. The XRD patterns of pure TiO<sub>2</sub> and G-TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs show the crystallite sizes of 8.56 and 7.8&#xa0;nm, respectively. The optical study indicates that the bandgap energy of G-TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs is 3.24 eV. Most of the particles are spherical, and some of them exhibit irregular shapes with an average particle size of 8.8 nm as confirmed by TEM. G-TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs possess a high specific surface area of 99 m<sup>2</sup>g<sup>-1</sup> obtained by BET. The photodegradation of Paraquat dichloride (herbicide) exhibited a degradation efficiency 81 % at 1.5&#xa0;g/dm<sup>3</sup> G-TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs loading within 120 min under UV-Vis. light. Additionally, the cytotoxicity (Allium cepa L.) and phytotoxicity (Vigna radiata) were also studied and results showed that the photodegraded Paraquat dichloride (PQ) is less toxic than the original solution.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Biogenic surfactant mediated synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles for photodegradation and cytotoxicity of paraquat herbicide

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月15日

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  • Kiran S. Dhanavade,
  • Shiva B. Teli,
  • Anna D. Gophane,
  • Sandip R. Sabale,
  • Rohant S. Dhabbe,
  • Deok-Kee Kim,
  • Kalyanrao M. Garadkar

摘要

Abstract

Synthesis of nanomaterials employing a green approach has become a popular trend in recent years due to its ability to design a fast, cost-effective, and non-toxic process. Herein, green-TiO2 (G-TiO2) nanoparticles have been developed using the fruit pericarp extract of Sapindus Mukorossi (soapnut) as a capping agent and water-soluble TiOSO4 as the source of Ti to reduce the cost of the reaction. The prepared G-TiO2 NPs were characterized by using XRD, UV-DRS, FT-IR, Raman, PL, HR-TEM, and BET. The XRD patterns of pure TiO2 and G-TiO2 NPs show the crystallite sizes of 8.56 and 7.8 nm, respectively. The optical study indicates that the bandgap energy of G-TiO2 NPs is 3.24 eV. Most of the particles are spherical, and some of them exhibit irregular shapes with an average particle size of 8.8 nm as confirmed by TEM. G-TiO2 NPs possess a high specific surface area of 99 m2g-1 obtained by BET. The photodegradation of Paraquat dichloride (herbicide) exhibited a degradation efficiency 81 % at 1.5 g/dm3 G-TiO2 NPs loading within 120 min under UV-Vis. light. Additionally, the cytotoxicity (Allium cepa L.) and phytotoxicity (Vigna radiata) were also studied and results showed that the photodegraded Paraquat dichloride (PQ) is less toxic than the original solution.

Graphical Abstract