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<p>In this work, amorphous silica nanoparticles (amorphous-SiNPs) were first synthesized from rice husk ash, and characterized by physicochemical methods. Then, SiNPs were successfully used as catalysts for the rapid synthesis of pyrido[2,3-<i>d</i>]pyrimidine (<b>4a–4n</b>), and thiazolopyrimidines (<b>8a–8&#xa0;l</b>) in water solvent under microwave irradiation. The best conditions for the synthesis of these derivatives were obtained using 10 to 15&#xa0;mg of catalyst in 1 to 2&#xa0;mL of water and a radiation power of 100 to 200 W of microwave waves at 50&#xa0;°C. Silica nanoparticles showed impressive activity in both of the above synthetic routes, with nine cycles of repeatability and negligible reduction in catalytic performance (9–10%). Green environment, synthesis and characterization of new products, simple separation, easy preparation of SiNPs, high reproducibility of the catalyst, and rapid synthesis of products with impressive yields are important advantages of this paper (<b>4a–4n:</b> 3–6&#xa0;min, 90–98%, and <b>8a–8&#xa0;l:</b> 5–10&#xa0;min, 91–98%).</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Synergistic effect of silica nanoparticles and microwave irradiation in catalysis of pyrimidine derivatives synthesis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月9日

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  • Mohammad Y. Alshahrani,
  • Abdulla A. Al-dulaimi,
  • Fadhel Sead,
  • Subbulakshmi Ganesan,
  • Hussein Riyadh Abdul Kareem Al-Hetty,
  • Gunjan Garg,
  • Atreyi Pramanik,
  • Subhashree Ray,
  • Fathi Jihad Hammady,
  • Salah Abdulhadi Salih

摘要

In this work, amorphous silica nanoparticles (amorphous-SiNPs) were first synthesized from rice husk ash, and characterized by physicochemical methods. Then, SiNPs were successfully used as catalysts for the rapid synthesis of pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine (4a–4n), and thiazolopyrimidines (8a–8 l) in water solvent under microwave irradiation. The best conditions for the synthesis of these derivatives were obtained using 10 to 15 mg of catalyst in 1 to 2 mL of water and a radiation power of 100 to 200 W of microwave waves at 50 °C. Silica nanoparticles showed impressive activity in both of the above synthetic routes, with nine cycles of repeatability and negligible reduction in catalytic performance (9–10%). Green environment, synthesis and characterization of new products, simple separation, easy preparation of SiNPs, high reproducibility of the catalyst, and rapid synthesis of products with impressive yields are important advantages of this paper (4a–4n: 3–6 min, 90–98%, and 8a–8 l: 5–10 min, 91–98%).

Graphical abstract