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<p>Owing to their distinctive and tunable physicochemical properties, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted significant attention in cancer therapy as well as photocatalytic applications. The novelty in this work was to use a green approach using pomegranate peel extract to synthesize pure ZnO NPs, Al-doped ZnO NPs, and Al-ZnO/rGO NCs to improve their photocatalytic and anticancer performance. The synthesized materials were characterized in detail by XRD, SEM, EDX, XPS, FTIR, PL, and DLS. XRD results confirmed the high crystallinity of ZnO and indicated increased crystallite size from 17.60&#xa0;nm to 21.51&#xa0;nm by doping and rGO incorporation. The SEM image of ZnO NPs showed spherical shapes with uniform distribution on the surface of rGO. EDX verified the existence of Zn, O, Al, and C in the nanocomposites without observable impurities, whereas XPS revealed the elemental composition and oxidation states. FTIR also supported the presence of functional groups, and UV–Vis results showed a decrease in the bandgap energy from 3.34&#xa0;eV to 3.25&#xa0;eV due to doping as well as rGO integration. Based on the PL data, it was supposed that better charge separation and improved photocatalytic reaction and biomedical application potential were discerned from these composites. DLS results showed that the zeta potential of pure ZnO NPs, Al-doped ZnO NPs, and Al-ZnO/rGO NCs were − 16.3 ± 8.30&#xa0;mV, − 20.2 ± 6.86&#xa0;mV, and 21.0 ± 14.10&#xa0;mV, respectively. In a photocatalytic experiment, Al-ZnO/rGO nanocomposite showed enhanced degradation efficiency (82.49%) for Brilliant Blue R dye compared to pure ZnO (59.70%). Cytotoxicity evaluations against colorectal cancer (HCT116) cells showed markedly superior anticancer efficacy of Al-ZnO/rGO nanocomposites after both 24 and 48&#xa0;h, higher than that of pure ZnO and Al-doped ZnO nanoparticles. The findings highlight the combined effect of aluminum doping and reduced graphene oxide incorporation to enhance the photocatalytic and anticancer efficacy of zinc oxide-based nanomaterials.</p>

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Tailored Al-doped ZnO/rGO nanocomposites for enhanced anticancer and photocatalytic activities: a green synthesis approach

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月8日

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  • Zabn Allah M. Alaizeri,
  • Syed Mansoor Ali,
  • Hisham A. Alhadlaq

摘要

Owing to their distinctive and tunable physicochemical properties, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted significant attention in cancer therapy as well as photocatalytic applications. The novelty in this work was to use a green approach using pomegranate peel extract to synthesize pure ZnO NPs, Al-doped ZnO NPs, and Al-ZnO/rGO NCs to improve their photocatalytic and anticancer performance. The synthesized materials were characterized in detail by XRD, SEM, EDX, XPS, FTIR, PL, and DLS. XRD results confirmed the high crystallinity of ZnO and indicated increased crystallite size from 17.60 nm to 21.51 nm by doping and rGO incorporation. The SEM image of ZnO NPs showed spherical shapes with uniform distribution on the surface of rGO. EDX verified the existence of Zn, O, Al, and C in the nanocomposites without observable impurities, whereas XPS revealed the elemental composition and oxidation states. FTIR also supported the presence of functional groups, and UV–Vis results showed a decrease in the bandgap energy from 3.34 eV to 3.25 eV due to doping as well as rGO integration. Based on the PL data, it was supposed that better charge separation and improved photocatalytic reaction and biomedical application potential were discerned from these composites. DLS results showed that the zeta potential of pure ZnO NPs, Al-doped ZnO NPs, and Al-ZnO/rGO NCs were − 16.3 ± 8.30 mV, − 20.2 ± 6.86 mV, and 21.0 ± 14.10 mV, respectively. In a photocatalytic experiment, Al-ZnO/rGO nanocomposite showed enhanced degradation efficiency (82.49%) for Brilliant Blue R dye compared to pure ZnO (59.70%). Cytotoxicity evaluations against colorectal cancer (HCT116) cells showed markedly superior anticancer efficacy of Al-ZnO/rGO nanocomposites after both 24 and 48 h, higher than that of pure ZnO and Al-doped ZnO nanoparticles. The findings highlight the combined effect of aluminum doping and reduced graphene oxide incorporation to enhance the photocatalytic and anticancer efficacy of zinc oxide-based nanomaterials.