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<p>The composite regenerated cellulose membranes (CRCMs), a combination of regenerated cellulose membrane (RCM) with titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>), offer an effective solution for wastewater treatment by facilitating easy recovery and reuse of photocatalysts. In contrast to other synthesized polymer membranes, CRCMs not only ensure the good dispersion of TiO<sub>2</sub> but also exhibit excellent photoactivity and are made from eco-friendly materials. The fabrication process involved adding TiO<sub>2</sub> immediately after dissolving microcrystalline cellulose in a tetrabutylphosphonium hydroxide/dimethyl sulfoxide solution. The membranes were then cast and coagulated with propylene carbonate. The objective of this study was to optimize TiO<sub>2</sub> content per membrane and thoroughly investigate the resulting properties and photoactivity of the CRCMs. The X-ray analysis showed that CRCMs were successfully incorporated without change in the phase composition. By scanning electron microscopy images, as the TiO<sub>2</sub> content increased (from 0 to 20&#xa0;mg), the membrane thickness increased in the order 63.1, 97.9, 110.5, 136.3, and 143.1&#xa0;µm, respectively. Notably, when the content was 15&#xa0;mg and 20&#xa0;mg per membrane, TiO<sub>2</sub> agglomeration occurred, and the photocatalytic efficiency decreased. The CRCM with 10&#xa0;mg TiO<sub>2</sub> (CRCM10) was considered the optimal membrane due to the highest permeability (16.3 L.m<sup>−2</sup>.h<sup>−1</sup>.bar<sup>−1</sup>) and the best methylene blue (MB) removal ability (about 96% after 180&#xa0;min of decomposition). Conversely, higher TiO<sub>2</sub> content proved unfavorable for photoactivity, with CRCM15 and CRCM20 showing significantly lower MB removal efficiencies of 59.7% and 42.2%, respectively. The reusability of CRCM10 was stable, maintaining an MB removal efficiency of 80% after four cycles. This research offers an environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and scalable approach for wastewater treatment.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Enhancing photocatalytic performance by immobilizing varying TiO2 contents on composite regenerated cellulose membrane: an environmentally reusable membrane

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月8日

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  • Vi Quynh Nguyen,
  • Phuong Mai Cao,
  • Bang Cong Nguyen,
  • Thang Minh Le,
  • Mai Ngoc Nguyen

摘要

The composite regenerated cellulose membranes (CRCMs), a combination of regenerated cellulose membrane (RCM) with titanium dioxide (TiO2), offer an effective solution for wastewater treatment by facilitating easy recovery and reuse of photocatalysts. In contrast to other synthesized polymer membranes, CRCMs not only ensure the good dispersion of TiO2 but also exhibit excellent photoactivity and are made from eco-friendly materials. The fabrication process involved adding TiO2 immediately after dissolving microcrystalline cellulose in a tetrabutylphosphonium hydroxide/dimethyl sulfoxide solution. The membranes were then cast and coagulated with propylene carbonate. The objective of this study was to optimize TiO2 content per membrane and thoroughly investigate the resulting properties and photoactivity of the CRCMs. The X-ray analysis showed that CRCMs were successfully incorporated without change in the phase composition. By scanning electron microscopy images, as the TiO2 content increased (from 0 to 20 mg), the membrane thickness increased in the order 63.1, 97.9, 110.5, 136.3, and 143.1 µm, respectively. Notably, when the content was 15 mg and 20 mg per membrane, TiO2 agglomeration occurred, and the photocatalytic efficiency decreased. The CRCM with 10 mg TiO2 (CRCM10) was considered the optimal membrane due to the highest permeability (16.3 L.m−2.h−1.bar−1) and the best methylene blue (MB) removal ability (about 96% after 180 min of decomposition). Conversely, higher TiO2 content proved unfavorable for photoactivity, with CRCM15 and CRCM20 showing significantly lower MB removal efficiencies of 59.7% and 42.2%, respectively. The reusability of CRCM10 was stable, maintaining an MB removal efficiency of 80% after four cycles. This research offers an environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and scalable approach for wastewater treatment.

Graphical abstract