<p>In an attempt to devise an effective catalyst for 5-hydroxymethylfurfural production, zirconia sulfate was prepared through a facile protocol and immobilized on graphitic carbon nitride nanoplate. The catalyst was analyzed via various techniques, encompassing FTIR, XRD, BET, SEM/EDS, XPS, ICP, and mapping and utilized as a heterogeneous catalyst for the dehydration of fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. Optimization of the reaction conditions using the response surface method revealed that 40 wt% of the catalyst at 80 °C resulted in 98% product in 40 min. Gratifyingly, the catalyst showed high recyclability up to 7 runs with scant leaching of zirconia sulfate. A comparative study also underlined that a combination of zirconia sulfate and graphitic carbon nitride nanoplate was beneficiary for catalysis and resulted in an improvement of the catalytic activity. The kinetic assessments also indicated that E<sub>a</sub> was 23.74 kJ/mol. Moreover, the thermodynamic parameters of <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11164_2024_5497_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="18" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="36" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">${\Delta \text{H}}^{\ne }$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mtext>H</mtext> </mrow> <mo>≠</mo> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11164_2024_5497_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="18" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="33" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">${\Delta \text{S}}^{\ne }$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mtext>S</mtext> </mrow> <mo>≠</mo> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11164_2024_5497_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="18" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="37" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">${\Delta \text{G}}^{\ne }$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mtext>G</mtext> </mrow> <mo>≠</mo> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> were determined as 19.35 kJ/mol, − 0.17 kJ/mol and 79.36 kJ/mol, respectively.</p>

Zirconia sulfate supported on graphitic carbon nitride nanoplates: a new catalyst for efficient synthesis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural

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发表日期：

2025年1月16日

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Sohaila Yaghoubi,
Ghodsi Mohammadi Ziarani,
Samahe Sadjadi

摘要

In an attempt to devise an effective catalyst for 5-hydroxymethylfurfural production, zirconia sulfate was prepared through a facile protocol and immobilized on graphitic carbon nitride nanoplate. The catalyst was analyzed via various techniques, encompassing FTIR, XRD, BET, SEM/EDS, XPS, ICP, and mapping and utilized as a heterogeneous catalyst for the dehydration of fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. Optimization of the reaction conditions using the response surface method revealed that 40 wt% of the catalyst at 80 °C resulted in 98% product in 40 min. Gratifyingly, the catalyst showed high recyclability up to 7 runs with scant leaching of zirconia sulfate. A comparative study also underlined that a combination of zirconia sulfate and graphitic carbon nitride nanoplate was beneficiary for catalysis and resulted in an improvement of the catalytic activity. The kinetic assessments also indicated that E_a was 23.74 kJ/mol. Moreover, the thermodynamic parameters of ${\Delta \text{H}}^{\ne }$ ${Δ H}^{\neq}$ , ${\Delta \text{S}}^{\ne }$ ${Δ S}^{\neq}$ and ${\Delta \text{G}}^{\ne }$ ${Δ G}^{\neq}$ were determined as 19.35 kJ/mol, − 0.17 kJ/mol and 79.36 kJ/mol, respectively.