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<p>Rays of the family Rhinopteridae Jordan &amp; Evermann, 1896 are highly migratory and widely distributed in warm tropical and temperate waters. Along the Brazilian coast, the presence of two species has been recorded: <i>Rhinoptera bonasus</i> Mitchill, 1815 and <i>Rhinoptera brasiliensis</i> Müller, 1836. These stingrays are commonly caught as bycatch in trawl fisheries, however, the two species lack distinctive external morphological features that allow for reliable differentiation—species identification is primarily based on the shape and arrangement of teeth in the buccal plates. This study aimed to investigate the evolutionary history of the genus <i>Rhinoptera</i> and to explore which evolutionary drivers, such as biogeographic events or behavioral traits, have influenced its diversification. To achieve this, we analyzed both mitochondrial and nuclear genetic markers, focusing on the species occurring along the Brazilian coast. Specimens of both species were collected across various locations in Brazil, and additional sequences from other <i>Rhinoptera</i> species were obtained from GenBank. Our results reveal the presence of multiple cryptic species within <i>Rhinoptera</i>, particularly within <i>R. bonasus</i>, and likely in <i>Rhinoptera steindachneri</i> Evermann &amp; Jenkins, 1891 and <i>Rhinoptera javanica</i> Müller &amp; Henle, 1841. Notably, <i>R. bonasus</i> does not occur in Brazilian waters nor in parts of the Caribbean where a distinct cryptic sister lineage was identified. Based on our findings, we propose the resurrection of <i>Rhinoptera lalandii</i> Müller &amp; Henle, 1841 as the species representing the lineage found along the Brazilian coast and the Eastern Atlantic Ocean. We suggest that philopatric behavior may represent one of several factors potentially influencing diversification within Rhinopteridae, although this hypothesis requires direct behavioral and population level validation. These findings highlight the urgent need for a comprehensive taxonomic revision of the family, as well as a reassessment of current conservation strategies to better reflect the hidden diversity within this group of species.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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A comprehensive overview of evolutionary relationships and geographic distributions of cownose rays: more valid taxa needing protective measures

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月16日

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  • Yasmim Trindade C. Cunha,
  • Renata Daldin Leite,
  • Lucas Gabriel Pereira da Silva,
  • Vanessa Paes Cruz,
  • Jorge Luiz S. Nunes,
  • Matheus Marcos Rotundo,
  • Paola Palacios-Barreto,
  • Píndaro Diaz-Jaimes,
  • Ana P. Barbosa Martins,
  • M. Aaron Macneil,
  • Chris G. Mull,
  • José Augusto Pires Bitencourt,
  • Luís Fernando Silva Rodrigues-Filho,
  • Raquel Siccha-Ramirez,
  • Jonathan Stuart Ready,
  • Natascha Wosnick,
  • Joao Bráullio de Luna Sales

摘要

Rays of the family Rhinopteridae Jordan & Evermann, 1896 are highly migratory and widely distributed in warm tropical and temperate waters. Along the Brazilian coast, the presence of two species has been recorded: Rhinoptera bonasus Mitchill, 1815 and Rhinoptera brasiliensis Müller, 1836. These stingrays are commonly caught as bycatch in trawl fisheries, however, the two species lack distinctive external morphological features that allow for reliable differentiation—species identification is primarily based on the shape and arrangement of teeth in the buccal plates. This study aimed to investigate the evolutionary history of the genus Rhinoptera and to explore which evolutionary drivers, such as biogeographic events or behavioral traits, have influenced its diversification. To achieve this, we analyzed both mitochondrial and nuclear genetic markers, focusing on the species occurring along the Brazilian coast. Specimens of both species were collected across various locations in Brazil, and additional sequences from other Rhinoptera species were obtained from GenBank. Our results reveal the presence of multiple cryptic species within Rhinoptera, particularly within R. bonasus, and likely in Rhinoptera steindachneri Evermann & Jenkins, 1891 and Rhinoptera javanica Müller & Henle, 1841. Notably, R. bonasus does not occur in Brazilian waters nor in parts of the Caribbean where a distinct cryptic sister lineage was identified. Based on our findings, we propose the resurrection of Rhinoptera lalandii Müller & Henle, 1841 as the species representing the lineage found along the Brazilian coast and the Eastern Atlantic Ocean. We suggest that philopatric behavior may represent one of several factors potentially influencing diversification within Rhinopteridae, although this hypothesis requires direct behavioral and population level validation. These findings highlight the urgent need for a comprehensive taxonomic revision of the family, as well as a reassessment of current conservation strategies to better reflect the hidden diversity within this group of species.

Graphical abstract