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<p>Time has long perplexed philosophers and theologians. This article argues that time bears an irreducible alterity structurally akin to what Rudolf Otto called the numinous: it grounds intelligibility and rational order while exceeding every attempt at conceptual mastery. Through a phenomenological and metaphysical inquiry engaging Augustine, Husserl, Heidegger, and Levinas, together with Boethius, Aquinas, and Scotus, we develop this claim by means of a disciplined proportional analogy and defend it through the Thomistic real distinction between essence and existence, applied to time itself. On this account, time’s essence corresponds to the tenseless B-series of abstract succession, while time’s existence corresponds to the tensed A-series of irreversible becoming; their real distinction, neither identity nor separation, preserves the arrow of time, reframes McTaggart’s paradox, and discloses time as a meta-rational horizon that conditions logic, science, and narrative without being exhausted by any one. The result bridges the phenomenology of temporality with philosophical theology while remaining strictly within metaphysical bounds.</p>

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Time and the holy

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月21日

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  • Liran Shia Gordon

摘要

Time has long perplexed philosophers and theologians. This article argues that time bears an irreducible alterity structurally akin to what Rudolf Otto called the numinous: it grounds intelligibility and rational order while exceeding every attempt at conceptual mastery. Through a phenomenological and metaphysical inquiry engaging Augustine, Husserl, Heidegger, and Levinas, together with Boethius, Aquinas, and Scotus, we develop this claim by means of a disciplined proportional analogy and defend it through the Thomistic real distinction between essence and existence, applied to time itself. On this account, time’s essence corresponds to the tenseless B-series of abstract succession, while time’s existence corresponds to the tensed A-series of irreversible becoming; their real distinction, neither identity nor separation, preserves the arrow of time, reframes McTaggart’s paradox, and discloses time as a meta-rational horizon that conditions logic, science, and narrative without being exhausted by any one. The result bridges the phenomenology of temporality with philosophical theology while remaining strictly within metaphysical bounds.