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<p>To promote CO<sub>2</sub> activation as well as photogenerated charge carrier separation for the reduction of CO<sub>2</sub> with H<sub>2</sub>O, the microstructure, optoelectronic properties, and catalytic performance of Zr-doped In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> were studied. More production of methanol against CO was realized. An optimal activity was achieved on 2&#xa0;mol% Zr-In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> with a methanol yield 2.47 and 3.82 times higher than those on In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and ZrO<sub>2</sub>. The selectivity of CH<sub>3</sub>OH and C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH reached 46.21% and 7.35%. Mechanistically, a dual modulation in the optoelectronic properties of In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> by Zr doping was revealed: (1) The charge compensation effect by Zr<sup>4+</sup> substituting In<sup>3+</sup> induces the formation of oxygen vacancies (O<sub>v</sub>), serving as electron trapping sites to adsorb and provide the electron to CO<sub>2</sub> and (2) The narrowed bandgap from 2.54&#xa0;eV to 2.42&#xa0;eV, boosting the visible light harvesting and charge carrier separation. This synergistic modulation remedies the deficiency inherent to In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, enhancing the photoreduction of CO<sub>2</sub> with H<sub>2</sub>O toward methanol.</p>

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Zr-doped In2O3 with dually modulated optoelectronic properties for the reduction of carbon dioxide with water toward methanol

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月9日

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  • Yi Yuan,
  • Xinhua Gao,
  • Xiaojiao Yang,
  • Tian-Sheng Zhao

摘要

To promote CO2 activation as well as photogenerated charge carrier separation for the reduction of CO2 with H2O, the microstructure, optoelectronic properties, and catalytic performance of Zr-doped In2O3 were studied. More production of methanol against CO was realized. An optimal activity was achieved on 2 mol% Zr-In2O3 with a methanol yield 2.47 and 3.82 times higher than those on In2O3 and ZrO2. The selectivity of CH3OH and C2H5OH reached 46.21% and 7.35%. Mechanistically, a dual modulation in the optoelectronic properties of In2O3 by Zr doping was revealed: (1) The charge compensation effect by Zr4+ substituting In3+ induces the formation of oxygen vacancies (Ov), serving as electron trapping sites to adsorb and provide the electron to CO2 and (2) The narrowed bandgap from 2.54 eV to 2.42 eV, boosting the visible light harvesting and charge carrier separation. This synergistic modulation remedies the deficiency inherent to In2O3, enhancing the photoreduction of CO2 with H2O toward methanol.