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<p>This study investigates the valorization of carob pods (<i>Ceratonia siliqua</i> L.) into activated carbon (AC) via chemical activation with H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> followed by pyrolysis at 500&#xa0;°C. The prepared AC was characterized and applied for the removal of malachite green (MG) and Telon red (TR) from aqueous solutions. The results showed a high specific surface area of 1543.54 m<sup>2</sup>&#xa0;g<sup>−1</sup>. The effects of adsorbent dose, temperature, pH, initial dye concentration, stirring speed, and ionic strength were systematically evaluated. The maximum adsorption capacity reached 30&#xa0;mg&#xa0;g<sup>−1</sup> for TR and 764.60&#xa0;mg&#xa0;g<sup>−1</sup> for MG, indicating a strong affinity toward the cationic dye. Kinetic studies revealed that the pseudo-second&#xa0;order model best described the adsorption process. Isotherm analysis showed that TR adsorption followed the Temkin model, whereas MG adsorption was best fitted by the Langmuir model. Thermodynamic results confirmed that the adsorption process is spontaneous and endothermic.</p>

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Removal of malachite green and Telon red from aqueous solutions using carob-derived activated carbon: kinetic, modeling and mechanism studies

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月9日

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  • Lila Bouzina,
  • Salima Merghache,
  • Aouatef Driouch,
  • Fatiha Bessaha,
  • Imene Abdelli,
  • Fodil Aoulmi,
  • Choukri Snouci Bereksi

摘要

This study investigates the valorization of carob pods (Ceratonia siliqua L.) into activated carbon (AC) via chemical activation with H3PO4 followed by pyrolysis at 500 °C. The prepared AC was characterized and applied for the removal of malachite green (MG) and Telon red (TR) from aqueous solutions. The results showed a high specific surface area of 1543.54 m2 g−1. The effects of adsorbent dose, temperature, pH, initial dye concentration, stirring speed, and ionic strength were systematically evaluated. The maximum adsorption capacity reached 30 mg g−1 for TR and 764.60 mg g−1 for MG, indicating a strong affinity toward the cationic dye. Kinetic studies revealed that the pseudo-second order model best described the adsorption process. Isotherm analysis showed that TR adsorption followed the Temkin model, whereas MG adsorption was best fitted by the Langmuir model. Thermodynamic results confirmed that the adsorption process is spontaneous and endothermic.