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<p>The present work evaluates the adsorption capacity of biochar (BC) derived from date fruits and its derived composite as potential candidates for the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous medium. Biochar (BC), graphitic carbon nitride (g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>) and the composite BC/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> were prepared and tested. Biochar was obtained by pyrolysis of date stone seeds. g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> was synthesized by thermal polycondensation of melamine while the composite was obtained by thermal treatment of the mixture of BC and melamine. The obtained materials were characterized by XRD, RS and FTIR. Adsorption tests in batch mode were carried out to study the influence of operational parameters on the MB removal efficiency. The XRD spectra show no modification of crystal structure after adding g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> on BC. The results from adsorption experiments showed that the equilibrium time for the different materials was reached at 10&#xa0;min for BC/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>, and 20&#xa0;min both for BC and g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>. The removal of MB is favourable under basic pH conditions while the increasing ionic strength exhibited a reverse effect on removal percentage. Non-linear kinetic modelling revealed that the pseudo-second order fitted best the MB adsorption mechanism for BC/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> suggesting a fast retention with negligible diffusion. The non-linear Freundlich isotherm was best described the MB adsorption mechanism on all substrates indicating a multilayer sorption on heterogeneous surface. The thermodynamic study revealed that the adsorption process is exothermic. The exploitation of BC from date seeds combined with g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> offers a potential direction for the removal of organic pollutants from water.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Biochar based on biowaste from date seeds modified with g-C3N4 for the removal of methylene blue dye from an aqueous solution

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月1日

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  • Alexandre Hinfiené Soussengbé,
  • Jean Marie Dikdim Dangwang,
  • Sadou Dalhatou,
  • Sali Mouhamadou,
  • Christophe Caperaa,
  • Lydia Fryda,
  • Ahmed Amine Azzaz,
  • El Hadji Babacar Ly,
  • Pierre Bonnet,
  • Abdoulaye Kane

摘要

The present work evaluates the adsorption capacity of biochar (BC) derived from date fruits and its derived composite as potential candidates for the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous medium. Biochar (BC), graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and the composite BC/g-C3N4 were prepared and tested. Biochar was obtained by pyrolysis of date stone seeds. g-C3N4 was synthesized by thermal polycondensation of melamine while the composite was obtained by thermal treatment of the mixture of BC and melamine. The obtained materials were characterized by XRD, RS and FTIR. Adsorption tests in batch mode were carried out to study the influence of operational parameters on the MB removal efficiency. The XRD spectra show no modification of crystal structure after adding g-C3N4 on BC. The results from adsorption experiments showed that the equilibrium time for the different materials was reached at 10 min for BC/g-C3N4, and 20 min both for BC and g-C3N4. The removal of MB is favourable under basic pH conditions while the increasing ionic strength exhibited a reverse effect on removal percentage. Non-linear kinetic modelling revealed that the pseudo-second order fitted best the MB adsorption mechanism for BC/g-C3N4 suggesting a fast retention with negligible diffusion. The non-linear Freundlich isotherm was best described the MB adsorption mechanism on all substrates indicating a multilayer sorption on heterogeneous surface. The thermodynamic study revealed that the adsorption process is exothermic. The exploitation of BC from date seeds combined with g-C3N4 offers a potential direction for the removal of organic pollutants from water.

Graphical abstract