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<p>A novel bio-based heterogeneous acid catalyst was synthesized from banana trunk (BT) biomass using a simple and sustainable preparation method. The catalyst was thoroughly characterized using FT-IR, TGA, PXRD, XPS, SEM-EDAX, BET, NH<sub>3</sub>-TPD, and acidity analysis, confirming successful functionalization and structural stability. Its catalytic performance was evaluated in the amidation of Tung Oil (TO) to Tung Oil Fatty Acid Amide (TOFAA). Using BT-based catalyst (BTC) and a TO:DEA:BTC molar ratio of 1:6:10, the reaction achieved a 95.54% TOFAA yield under thermal conditions in 6&#xa0;h, while microwave-assisted synthesis increased the yield to 98.27% in 45&#xa0;min. which shows that microwave reaction is more feasible in case of amidation. The synthesized TOFAA was validated through FT-IR, TGA, GPC, <sup>1</sup>H NMR, and <sup>13</sup>C NMR analyses. Catalyst heterogeneity was confirmed by hot filtration tests, and BTC retained its catalytic activity over multiple reuse cycles without significant loss of performance. These results demonstrate the efficiency, stability, and recyclability of the BT-derived catalyst for sustainable amidation reactions.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Sulfonated functionalized heterogeneous acid catalyst from banana trunk biomass for amidation of Tung oil

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月11日

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  • Nidhi G. Savani,
  • Togati Naveen,
  • Bharatkumar Z. Dholakiya

摘要

A novel bio-based heterogeneous acid catalyst was synthesized from banana trunk (BT) biomass using a simple and sustainable preparation method. The catalyst was thoroughly characterized using FT-IR, TGA, PXRD, XPS, SEM-EDAX, BET, NH3-TPD, and acidity analysis, confirming successful functionalization and structural stability. Its catalytic performance was evaluated in the amidation of Tung Oil (TO) to Tung Oil Fatty Acid Amide (TOFAA). Using BT-based catalyst (BTC) and a TO:DEA:BTC molar ratio of 1:6:10, the reaction achieved a 95.54% TOFAA yield under thermal conditions in 6 h, while microwave-assisted synthesis increased the yield to 98.27% in 45 min. which shows that microwave reaction is more feasible in case of amidation. The synthesized TOFAA was validated through FT-IR, TGA, GPC, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR analyses. Catalyst heterogeneity was confirmed by hot filtration tests, and BTC retained its catalytic activity over multiple reuse cycles without significant loss of performance. These results demonstrate the efficiency, stability, and recyclability of the BT-derived catalyst for sustainable amidation reactions.

Graphical abstract