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<p>The Nano-Chitosan was synthesized using the ionic gelation method, and then nano-chitosan/cefadroxil drug blends (NCH-Ce) were created using a Schiff base reaction via the microwave method. The reaction was confirmed using Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Different blends were prepared by mixing the NCH-Ce with natural rubber (NCH-Ce/NR) using varying ratios of NCH-Ce. The micrographs obtained from TEM and FESEM showed spherical-shaped particles with smooth surfaces in the Nanometric range. The vulcanization kinetics of the NCH-Ce/NR blends were investigated using an oscillating disc rheometer. The study found that all blends’ scorch and curing times were significantly reduced by adding NCH-Ce, with values decreasing from 0.87 and 2.33 to 0.56&#xa0;min and 0.68&#xa0;min. The maximum vulcanization rate increased with increasing NCH-Ce loading, ranging from 0.435 to 4.029&#xa0;min<sup>−1</sup>, while the maximum torque values decreased from 16.28 to 7.88 Nm. The autocatalytic model best describes the reaction kinetic model of pure NR and NCH-Ce/NR blends. Therefore, the vulcanization kinetics of NR and its blends were found to be dominated by two steps, chemical, and diffusion. It was concluded that NCH-Ce acts as a vulcanizing agent for NR, leading to an enhancement in the rate of vulcanization.</p>

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Rheological characterization and modeling of vulcanization kinetics of Nano chitosan-Cefadroxil drug/natural rubber blends

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月26日

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  • Ismaeel M. Alwaan,
  • Atheraa Abdul Kadhim Wasaf,
  • Ibrahem I. Moslam

摘要

The Nano-Chitosan was synthesized using the ionic gelation method, and then nano-chitosan/cefadroxil drug blends (NCH-Ce) were created using a Schiff base reaction via the microwave method. The reaction was confirmed using Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Different blends were prepared by mixing the NCH-Ce with natural rubber (NCH-Ce/NR) using varying ratios of NCH-Ce. The micrographs obtained from TEM and FESEM showed spherical-shaped particles with smooth surfaces in the Nanometric range. The vulcanization kinetics of the NCH-Ce/NR blends were investigated using an oscillating disc rheometer. The study found that all blends’ scorch and curing times were significantly reduced by adding NCH-Ce, with values decreasing from 0.87 and 2.33 to 0.56 min and 0.68 min. The maximum vulcanization rate increased with increasing NCH-Ce loading, ranging from 0.435 to 4.029 min−1, while the maximum torque values decreased from 16.28 to 7.88 Nm. The autocatalytic model best describes the reaction kinetic model of pure NR and NCH-Ce/NR blends. Therefore, the vulcanization kinetics of NR and its blends were found to be dominated by two steps, chemical, and diffusion. It was concluded that NCH-Ce acts as a vulcanizing agent for NR, leading to an enhancement in the rate of vulcanization.