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<p>In this study, lead and lead-free simple perovskite nanomaterials were used as ferroelectric photocatalysts for the first time to degrade ibuprofen (IBP) (25&#xa0;mg/L), under UV (254&#xa0;nm) light. The materials BaTiO<sub>3</sub> (BT-h), BaZrO<sub>3</sub> (BZ-h), PbTiO<sub>3</sub> (PT-h), and PbZrO<sub>3</sub> (PZ-h) were prepared using a straightforward hydrothermal method. The morphology, surface area, pore size, crystalline phase purity, and optical properties of these materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N<sub>2</sub> adsorption/desorption measurements, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). SEM, XRD, Raman, and FTIR analyses confirmed the nano-perovskite structure in all materials, indicating piezoelectric characteristics due to their non-centrosymmetric nature. The photocatalytic degradation of IBP was monitored by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results show photocatalytic efficiencies reaching 99% after 120&#xa0;min, highlighting a strong ferroelectric effect in the BT-h, BZ-h, and PT-h photocatalysts, which induced spontaneous polarization that generates an electric field and enhances charge separation in the photocatalytic process. In contrast, PZ-h showed moderately lower degradation efficiency (86%) due to its antiferroelectric properties. BT-h exhibited excellent reusability, maintaining high degradation efficiencies over five consecutive cycles (99%, 95%, 94%, 94% and 92%, respectively). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) provided insights into the degradation mechanism, identifying four intermediate products formed during IBP degradation in the presence of BT-h, leading to mineralization at the reaction end. It also demonstrated admirable performance even under near-visible UV irradiation (360&#xa0;nm), achieving a degradation rate of 84% after 120&#xa0;min. Overall, our findings reveal that photocatalytic efficiency in IBP degradation is primarily driven by the ferroelectric properties of these materials, which promote effective charge separation under UV irradiation.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Photocatalytic performance of nanostructured ferroelectric perovskite catalysts for the degradation of ibuprofen anti-inflammatory drug

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月26日

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  • Zineb Choukchou Braham,
  • Amina Kermad,
  • Sanaa El Korso,
  • Fatima Zahra Mokri,
  • Chewki Ziani Cherif,
  • Mohammed Reda Ramdani,
  • Amel Boudjemaa,
  • Khaldoun Bachari,
  • Abderrahim Choukchou Braham

摘要

In this study, lead and lead-free simple perovskite nanomaterials were used as ferroelectric photocatalysts for the first time to degrade ibuprofen (IBP) (25 mg/L), under UV (254 nm) light. The materials BaTiO3 (BT-h), BaZrO3 (BZ-h), PbTiO3 (PT-h), and PbZrO3 (PZ-h) were prepared using a straightforward hydrothermal method. The morphology, surface area, pore size, crystalline phase purity, and optical properties of these materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N2 adsorption/desorption measurements, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). SEM, XRD, Raman, and FTIR analyses confirmed the nano-perovskite structure in all materials, indicating piezoelectric characteristics due to their non-centrosymmetric nature. The photocatalytic degradation of IBP was monitored by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results show photocatalytic efficiencies reaching 99% after 120 min, highlighting a strong ferroelectric effect in the BT-h, BZ-h, and PT-h photocatalysts, which induced spontaneous polarization that generates an electric field and enhances charge separation in the photocatalytic process. In contrast, PZ-h showed moderately lower degradation efficiency (86%) due to its antiferroelectric properties. BT-h exhibited excellent reusability, maintaining high degradation efficiencies over five consecutive cycles (99%, 95%, 94%, 94% and 92%, respectively). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) provided insights into the degradation mechanism, identifying four intermediate products formed during IBP degradation in the presence of BT-h, leading to mineralization at the reaction end. It also demonstrated admirable performance even under near-visible UV irradiation (360 nm), achieving a degradation rate of 84% after 120 min. Overall, our findings reveal that photocatalytic efficiency in IBP degradation is primarily driven by the ferroelectric properties of these materials, which promote effective charge separation under UV irradiation.

Graphical abstract