<p>Let <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1212_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="35" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mu (n)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>μ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> be the Möbius function. Let <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1212_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="47" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(P^-(n)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msup> <mi>P</mi> <mo>-</mo> </msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> denote the smallest prime factor of an integer <i>n</i>. In 1977, Alladi established the following formula related to the prime number theorem for arithmetic progressions <Equation ID="Equ70"> <MediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1212_Article_Equ70.gif" Format="GIF" Height="81" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="250" /> </MediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( -\sum _{\begin{array}{c} n\ge 2\\ P^-(n)\equiv \ell (\textrm{mod}k) \end{array}}\frac{\mu (n)}{n}=\frac{1}{\varphi (k)} \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <munder> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow> <mrow /> <msup> <mi>P</mi> <mo>-</mo> </msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>≡</mo> <mi>ℓ</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>mod</mtext> <mi>k</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </munder> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>μ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mi>n</mi> </mfrac> <mo>=</mo> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <mi>φ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>k</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>for positive integers <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1212_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="57" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\ell , k\ge 1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>ℓ</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>k</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> with <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1212_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="68" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((\ell ,k)=1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>ℓ</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>k</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, where <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1212_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="12" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="16" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\varphi \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>φ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is Euler’s totient function. In this note, we will show a logarithmic analogue of Alladi’s formula in an elementary proof.</p>

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A logarithmic analogue of Alladi’s formula

  • Biao Wang

摘要

Let \(\mu (n)\) μ ( n ) be the Möbius function. Let \(P^-(n)\) P - ( n ) denote the smallest prime factor of an integer n. In 1977, Alladi established the following formula related to the prime number theorem for arithmetic progressions \( -\sum _{\begin{array}{c} n\ge 2\\ P^-(n)\equiv \ell (\textrm{mod}k) \end{array}}\frac{\mu (n)}{n}=\frac{1}{\varphi (k)} \) - n 2 P - ( n ) ( mod k ) μ ( n ) n = 1 φ ( k ) for positive integers \(\ell , k\ge 1\) , k 1 with \((\ell ,k)=1\) ( , k ) = 1 , where \(\varphi \) φ is Euler’s totient function. In this note, we will show a logarithmic analogue of Alladi’s formula in an elementary proof.