<p>For a fixed abelian group <i>H</i>, let <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1154_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="54" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(N_H(X)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mi>H</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> be the number of square-free positive integers <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1154_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="50" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(d\le X\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>X</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> such that <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1154_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="21" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="133" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(H\le \textrm{CL}(\mathbb {Q}(\sqrt{-d}))\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>H</mi> <mo>≤</mo> <mtext>CL</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msqrt> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mi>d</mi> </mrow> </msqrt> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. We obtain asymptotic lower bounds for <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1154_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="54" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(N_H(X)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mi>H</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> as <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1154_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="63" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(X\rightarrow \infty \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi>∞</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> in two cases: <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1154_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="21" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="160" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(H=\mathbb {Z}/g_1\mathbb {Z}\times (\mathbb {Z}/2\mathbb {Z})^l\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>H</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <msub> <mi>g</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mi>l</mi> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1154_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="38" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(l\ge 2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>l</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1154_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="69" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(2\not \mid g_1\ge 3\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mo>∤</mo> <msub> <mi>g</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1154_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="96" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(H=(\mathbb {Z}/g\mathbb {Z})^2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>H</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mi>g</mi> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1154_Article_IEq10.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="64" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(2\not \mid g\ge 5\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mo>∤</mo> <mi>g</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>5</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. More precisely, for any <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1154_Article_IEq11.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="39" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\epsilon &gt;0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>ϵ</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, we show <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1154_Article_IEq12.gif" Format="GIF" Height="26" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="158" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(N_H(X)\gg X^{\frac{1}{2}+\frac{3}{2g_1+2}-\epsilon }\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mi>H</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>≫</mo> <msup> <mi>X</mi> <mrow> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> <mo>+</mo> <mfrac> <mn>3</mn> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <msub> <mi>g</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </mfrac> <mo>-</mo> <mi>ϵ</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> when <InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1154_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="21" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="160" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(H=\mathbb {Z}/g_1\mathbb {Z}\times (\mathbb {Z}/2\mathbb {Z})^l\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>H</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <msub> <mi>g</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mi>l</mi> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for <InlineEquation ID="IEq14"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1154_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="38" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(l\ge 2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>l</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq15"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1154_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="69" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(2\not \mid g_1\ge 3\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mo>∤</mo> <msub> <mi>g</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. For the second case, under a well known conjecture for square-free density of integral multivariate polynomials, for any <InlineEquation ID="IEq16"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1154_Article_IEq11.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="39" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\epsilon &gt;0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>ϵ</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, we show <InlineEquation ID="IEq17"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1154_Article_IEq17.gif" Format="GIF" Height="25" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="132" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(N_H(X)\gg X^{\frac{1}{g-1}-\epsilon }\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mi>H</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>≫</mo> <msup> <mi>X</mi> <mrow> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <mi>g</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </mfrac> <mo>-</mo> <mi>ϵ</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> when <InlineEquation ID="IEq18"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1154_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="96" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(H=(\mathbb {Z}/g\mathbb {Z})^2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>H</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mi>g</mi> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for odd <InlineEquation ID="IEq19"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1154_Article_IEq19.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="42" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( g\ge 5\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>g</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>5</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. The first case is an adaptation of Soundararajan’s results for <InlineEquation ID="IEq20"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1154_Article_IEq20.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="78" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(H=\mathbb {Z}/g\mathbb {Z}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>H</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mi>g</mi> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, and the second conditionally improves the bound <InlineEquation ID="IEq21"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1154_Article_IEq21.gif" Format="GIF" Height="21" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="40" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(X^{\frac{1}{g}-\epsilon }\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mi>X</mi> <mrow> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mi>g</mi> </mfrac> <mo>-</mo> <mi>ϵ</mi> </mrow> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> due to Byeon and the bound <InlineEquation ID="IEq22"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1154_Article_IEq22.gif" Format="GIF" Height="25" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="90" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(X^{\frac{1}{g}}/(\log X)^{2}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msup> <mi>X</mi> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mi>g</mi> </mfrac> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>log</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> due to Kulkarni and Levin.</p>

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On imaginary quadratic fields with non-cyclic class groups

  • Yi Ouyang,
  • Qimin Song,
  • Chenhao Zhang

摘要

For a fixed abelian group H, let \(N_H(X)\) N H ( X ) be the number of square-free positive integers \(d\le X\) d X such that \(H\le \textrm{CL}(\mathbb {Q}(\sqrt{-d}))\) H CL ( Q ( - d ) ) . We obtain asymptotic lower bounds for \(N_H(X)\) N H ( X ) as \(X\rightarrow \infty \) X in two cases: \(H=\mathbb {Z}/g_1\mathbb {Z}\times (\mathbb {Z}/2\mathbb {Z})^l\) H = Z / g 1 Z × ( Z / 2 Z ) l for \(l\ge 2\) l 2 and \(2\not \mid g_1\ge 3\) 2 g 1 3 , \(H=(\mathbb {Z}/g\mathbb {Z})^2\) H = ( Z / g Z ) 2 for \(2\not \mid g\ge 5\) 2 g 5 . More precisely, for any \(\epsilon >0\) ϵ > 0 , we show \(N_H(X)\gg X^{\frac{1}{2}+\frac{3}{2g_1+2}-\epsilon }\) N H ( X ) X 1 2 + 3 2 g 1 + 2 - ϵ when \(H=\mathbb {Z}/g_1\mathbb {Z}\times (\mathbb {Z}/2\mathbb {Z})^l\) H = Z / g 1 Z × ( Z / 2 Z ) l for \(l\ge 2\) l 2 and \(2\not \mid g_1\ge 3\) 2 g 1 3 . For the second case, under a well known conjecture for square-free density of integral multivariate polynomials, for any \(\epsilon >0\) ϵ > 0 , we show \(N_H(X)\gg X^{\frac{1}{g-1}-\epsilon }\) N H ( X ) X 1 g - 1 - ϵ when \(H=(\mathbb {Z}/g\mathbb {Z})^2\) H = ( Z / g Z ) 2 for odd \( g\ge 5\) g 5 . The first case is an adaptation of Soundararajan’s results for \(H=\mathbb {Z}/g\mathbb {Z}\) H = Z / g Z , and the second conditionally improves the bound \(X^{\frac{1}{g}-\epsilon }\) X 1 g - ϵ due to Byeon and the bound \(X^{\frac{1}{g}}/(\log X)^{2}\) X 1 g / ( log X ) 2 due to Kulkarni and Levin.