<p>In this article, we study the interlacing property of the weakly holomorphic Poincaré series <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1133_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="78" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(G_k(z,-m)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mi>k</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>z</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> on the unit circle, for integers <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1133_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="15" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="47" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(m \ge 1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1133_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="42" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(k \ge 4\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. The second author and Saradha established the interlacing property of the zeros of <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1133_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="78" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(G_k(z,-m)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mi>k</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>z</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1133_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="99" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(G_{k+12}(z,-m)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>12</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>z</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> on the restricted arc <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1133_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="21" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="236" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(A_\epsilon :=\{e^{i \theta }: \theta \in (\pi /2,2\pi /3-\epsilon )\}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mi>ϵ</mi> </msub> <mo>:</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">{</mo> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow> <mi>i</mi> <mi>θ</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo>:</mo> <mi>θ</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>π</mi> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>π</mi> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo>-</mo> <mi>ϵ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">}</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for any <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1133_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="88" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(0&lt;\epsilon &lt;\pi /6\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mi>ϵ</mi> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mi>π</mi> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for (explicitly computable) large <i>k</i> depending upon <i>m</i> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1133_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="10" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\epsilon \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>ϵ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. They also established a similar interlacing property of the zeros of <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1133_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="78" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(G_k(z,-m)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mi>k</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>z</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1133_Article_IEq10.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="107" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(G_k(z,-m-1)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mi>k</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>z</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> on <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1133_Article_IEq11.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="20" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(A_\epsilon \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mi>ϵ</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for (explicitly computable) large <i>m</i> depending upon <i>k</i> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1133_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="10" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\epsilon \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>ϵ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. However, such restricted interlacing fails to treat a positive proportion of the zeros. To complete their work, in this article, we show that the zeros of <InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1133_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="78" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(G_k(z,-m)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mi>k</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>z</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq14"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1133_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="99" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(G_{k+12}(z,-m)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>12</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>z</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> interlace on the whole open arc <InlineEquation ID="IEq15"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1133_Article_IEq15.gif" Format="GIF" Height="21" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="209" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(A^\circ :=\{e^{i \theta }: \theta \in (\pi /2,2\pi /3)\}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msup> <mi>A</mi> <mo>∘</mo> </msup> <mo>:</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">{</mo> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow> <mi>i</mi> <mi>θ</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo>:</mo> <mi>θ</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>π</mi> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>π</mi> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">}</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. With some additional effort, we are also able to show that the zeros of <InlineEquation ID="IEq16"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1133_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="78" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(G_k(z,-m)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mi>k</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>z</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq17"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1133_Article_IEq17.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="107" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(G_{k}(z,-m-1)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mi>k</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>z</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> interlace on the arc <InlineEquation ID="IEq18"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1133_Article_IEq18.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="22" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(A^\circ \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mi>A</mi> <mo>∘</mo> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>.</p>

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Interlacing of the zeros of weakly holomorphic Poincaré series on the unit circle

  • Divyanshu Kala,
  • Ekata Saha

摘要

In this article, we study the interlacing property of the weakly holomorphic Poincaré series \(G_k(z,-m)\) G k ( z , - m ) on the unit circle, for integers \(m \ge 1\) m 1 and \(k \ge 4\) k 4 . The second author and Saradha established the interlacing property of the zeros of \(G_k(z,-m)\) G k ( z , - m ) and \(G_{k+12}(z,-m)\) G k + 12 ( z , - m ) on the restricted arc \(A_\epsilon :=\{e^{i \theta }: \theta \in (\pi /2,2\pi /3-\epsilon )\}\) A ϵ : = { e i θ : θ ( π / 2 , 2 π / 3 - ϵ ) } for any \(0<\epsilon <\pi /6\) 0 < ϵ < π / 6 for (explicitly computable) large k depending upon m and \(\epsilon \) ϵ . They also established a similar interlacing property of the zeros of \(G_k(z,-m)\) G k ( z , - m ) and \(G_k(z,-m-1)\) G k ( z , - m - 1 ) on \(A_\epsilon \) A ϵ for (explicitly computable) large m depending upon k and \(\epsilon \) ϵ . However, such restricted interlacing fails to treat a positive proportion of the zeros. To complete their work, in this article, we show that the zeros of \(G_k(z,-m)\) G k ( z , - m ) , \(G_{k+12}(z,-m)\) G k + 12 ( z , - m ) interlace on the whole open arc \(A^\circ :=\{e^{i \theta }: \theta \in (\pi /2,2\pi /3)\}\) A : = { e i θ : θ ( π / 2 , 2 π / 3 ) } . With some additional effort, we are also able to show that the zeros of \(G_k(z,-m)\) G k ( z , - m ) , \(G_{k}(z,-m-1)\) G k ( z , - m - 1 ) interlace on the arc \(A^\circ \) A .