<p>We discuss arithmetic questions related to the ‘poor man’s adèle ring’ <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1132_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="18" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathcal {A}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="script">A</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> whose elements are encoded by sequences <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1132_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="34" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((t_p)_p\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mi>p</mi> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mi>p</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> indexed by prime numbers, with each <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1132_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="18" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="15" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(t_p\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mi>p</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> viewed as a residue in <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1132_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="40" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathbb {Z}/p\mathbb {Z}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Our main theorem is about the <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1132_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="18" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathcal {A}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="script">A</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-transcendence of the element <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1132_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="59" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((F_p(q))_p\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mi>p</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mi>p</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, where <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1132_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="40" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(F_n(q)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> (Schur’s <i>q</i>-Fibonacci numbers) are the (1,&#xa0;1)-entries of <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1132_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="39" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(2\times 2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mo>×</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-matrices <Equation ID="Equ3"> <MediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1132_Article_Equ3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="43" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="267" /> </MediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\begin{aligned} \begin{pmatrix} 1 &amp; 1 \\ 1 &amp; 0 \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} 1 &amp; 1 \\ q &amp; 0 \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} 1 &amp; 1 \\ q^2 &amp; 0 \end{pmatrix} \cdots \begin{pmatrix} 1 &amp; 1 \\ q^{n-2} &amp; 0 \end{pmatrix} \end{aligned}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="right"> <mrow> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow> <mrow /> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mfenced> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow> <mrow /> <mi>q</mi> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mfenced> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow> <mrow /> <msup> <mi>q</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mfenced> <mo>⋯</mo> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow> <mrow /> <msup> <mi>q</mi> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mfenced> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>and <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1132_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="41" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(q&gt;1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>q</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is an integer. This result was previously known for <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11139_2025_1132_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="41" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(q&gt;1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>q</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> square free under the GRH.</p>

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Irrationality and transcendence questions in the ‘poor man’s adèle ring’

  • Florian Luca,
  • Wadim Zudilin

摘要

We discuss arithmetic questions related to the ‘poor man’s adèle ring’ \(\mathcal {A}\) A whose elements are encoded by sequences \((t_p)_p\) ( t p ) p indexed by prime numbers, with each \(t_p\) t p viewed as a residue in \(\mathbb {Z}/p\mathbb {Z}\) Z / p Z . Our main theorem is about the \(\mathcal {A}\) A -transcendence of the element \((F_p(q))_p\) ( F p ( q ) ) p , where \(F_n(q)\) F n ( q ) (Schur’s q-Fibonacci numbers) are the (1, 1)-entries of \(2\times 2\) 2 × 2 -matrices \(\begin{aligned} \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 \\ q & 0 \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 \\ q^2 & 0 \end{pmatrix} \cdots \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 \\ q^{n-2} & 0 \end{pmatrix} \end{aligned}\) 1 1 1 0 1 1 q 0 1 1 q 2 0 1 1 q n - 2 0 and \(q>1\) q > 1 is an integer. This result was previously known for \(q>1\) q > 1 square free under the GRH.