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<p>This study examines the economic sustainability of Pakistan in the context of the digital era by analyzing the interactions among foreign direct investment (FDI), human welfare, gender participation, and digital governance. Using annual data from 2004 to 2022 and employing an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model, the findings indicate that FDI is associated with positive long-term effects, although these appear to depend on the broader institutional environment. Human welfare emerges as an important contributor to sustainability, even in the presence of governance challenges. At the same time, the results suggest that gender disparities persist and may be linked to complex and context-specific economic outcomes. Rather than offering definitive policy prescriptions, the study highlights the conditional and interdependent nature of these relationships. It contributes to the literature by revisiting commonly held assumptions regarding gender participation, digital governance, and development in emerging economies, and by providing empirical evidence that can inform more context-sensitive and adaptive policy approaches.</p>

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Analyzing the role of foreign direct investment, human welfare, and gender equality for economic sustainability in the digital era

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月25日

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  • Jamil Afzal,
  • Muhammad Adeel Afzal,
  • Catherine Hume

摘要

This study examines the economic sustainability of Pakistan in the context of the digital era by analyzing the interactions among foreign direct investment (FDI), human welfare, gender participation, and digital governance. Using annual data from 2004 to 2022 and employing an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model, the findings indicate that FDI is associated with positive long-term effects, although these appear to depend on the broader institutional environment. Human welfare emerges as an important contributor to sustainability, even in the presence of governance challenges. At the same time, the results suggest that gender disparities persist and may be linked to complex and context-specific economic outcomes. Rather than offering definitive policy prescriptions, the study highlights the conditional and interdependent nature of these relationships. It contributes to the literature by revisiting commonly held assumptions regarding gender participation, digital governance, and development in emerging economies, and by providing empirical evidence that can inform more context-sensitive and adaptive policy approaches.