Fostering financial inclusion in ASEAN: the interplay of FinTech, tax burden, and ecological footprint
摘要
The present study examines the impact of financial technology (FinTech), tax burdens, and ecological footprints on financial inclusion across ASEAN nations. Utilising panel quantile regression on data from banking industry spanning 2008 to 2022, and robustness checks via fixed-effects models, the research analyses the varying effects on financial inclusion. The results indicate that FinTech serves as a catalyst by improving digital access, empowering marginalised groups, and promoting entrepreneurship. In contrast, high tax burdens contribute to informality, which in turn diminishes formal financial engagement. Additionally, ecological footprints weaken economic stability by intensifying resource depletion and environmental pressure, ultimately hindering the expansion of inclusive financial services. Policymakers are encouraged to adopt integrated strategies that promote FinTech’s potential, implement tax reforms to reduce informality, and promote green finance initiatives, such as eco-friendly microloans and blockchain-based carbon credit systems. The findings align with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), specifically SDG 8 (inclusive growth) and SDG 13 (climate action). By combining the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) with public good theory, the study proposes a novel framework for assessing inclusive financial ecosystems in ASEAN countries.