<p>Digital transformation has become a global imperative with profound implications for socio-economic development. This study examines the factors associated with the Digital Transformation Index (DTI) across 107 countries in 2022 and derives policy implications aimed at enhancing Vietnam’s digital transformation performance. The research systematizes the theoretical and empirical foundations of digital transformation measurement, examines the global distribution of DTI, and identifies key associated factors using a combination of regression analysis and Bayesian Belief Network (BBN) modeling. The empirical results indicate that national DTI performance is closely associated with three core dimensions: the digital economy index, the digital society index, and the e-government development index. In particular, interactions captured by the BBN model reveal the conditional dependency structure and relative importance of these dimensions within the overall digital transformation system, rather than implying strict causal effects. Based on the findings, the study proposes targeted policy recommendations for developing countries—particularly Vietnam—focusing on strengthening digital society readiness, advancing digital economic capabilities, and enhancing digital government effectiveness. This research contributes to the literature by providing integrated empirical evidence on probabilistic relationships underlying digital transformation and offers practical insights for policymakers seeking to maximize the developmental benefits of digitalization.</p>