<p>Based on the quasi-natural experiment of the establishment of “national big data comprehensive pilot zones” (abbreviated as BDPZ), this study constructs a multi-dimensional evaluation system of supply chain resilience of enterprises (abbreviated as SCR) (including preparedness, resistance, recovery, and innovation capabilities) and employs the difference-in-difference (abbreviated as DD) method to empirically investigate the impact and underlying mechanisms of BDPZ construction on SCR, using panel data of Chinese A-share listed enterprises from 2011 to 2022. The construction of BDPZ significantly enhances enterprises’ SCR, boosting it by 0.4% compared to non-pilot areas. This effect remains stable pre- and post-COVID-19. Mechanism tests reveal that the policy exerts its influence through three pathways: digital construction support, information exchange, and talent cluster, among which talent cluster is the most critical driver. Heterogeneity analysis indicates that the policy effect is more pronounced for small-scale enterprises, those located in regions with a favorable external supply chain environment, and industries with a high degree of marketization; it is also significant in eastern China but insignificant in central and western regions. Quantile regression further shows a “stronger-get-stronger” distributional characteristic: the policy has a more substantial impact on enterprises with higher SCR. Robustness tests (including placebo test, replacement of dependent variable, and PSM-DD) and endogeneity treatment (instrumental variable method) confirm the reliability of the conclusions. This study enriches the literature on the economic effects of big data policies and SCR, and provides targeted policy implications for optimizing big data development and enhancing SCR.</p>