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<p>Tourism remains a key driver of service-led growth in developing economies, but is also among the most energy-intensive sectors. In Kenya, where tourism and fossil-based energy jointly underpin the economy, the transition to low-carbon growth presents both challenges and opportunities. This study applies an environmentally extended Social Accounting Matrix (E-SAM) integrating the 2021 Kenya SAM, Tourism Satellite Account (TSA), and System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) energy accounts to quantify tourism’s economy-wide energy footprint. Using SAM-based energy multipliers and decomposition, the analysis distinguishes total energy use into direct, supply-chain, and feedback effects. Results show that fossil fuels exhibit 42% open-loop dominance driven by indirect transport and service demand, while 58% arises from feedback effects. In contrast, renewables (80%) and biomass (60%) exhibit more pronounced feedback effects linked to household incomes and grid-based electricity use. Scenario simulations reveal that isolated renewable adoption within tourism reduces fossil fuel dependence by only 12%, whereas a coordinated, economy-wide transition achieves up to 26% reduction. Methodologically, the study advances SAM–SEEA–TSA integration by extending it to sectoral energy analysis, enabling detailed tracing of energy flows and feedbacks within tourism-linked production systems. Policy-wise, it identifies leverage points for systemic decarbonization. The study calls for integrated transition strategies aligning tourism growth with Kenya’s renewable energy and climate agenda. Beyond Kenya, the findings offer transferable insights for developing economies where tourism and fossil-based energy remain interlinked, highlighting the need for coordinated, cross-sectoral energy transitions toward sustainable, low-carbon development.</p>

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Kenya’s tourism energy transition: environmental social accounting matrix analysis of direct, indirect, and feedback effects

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月15日

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  • Mark Nelson Yobesia,
  • Cyrilus Otulo Wandera,
  • Shem Wambugu Maingi

摘要

Tourism remains a key driver of service-led growth in developing economies, but is also among the most energy-intensive sectors. In Kenya, where tourism and fossil-based energy jointly underpin the economy, the transition to low-carbon growth presents both challenges and opportunities. This study applies an environmentally extended Social Accounting Matrix (E-SAM) integrating the 2021 Kenya SAM, Tourism Satellite Account (TSA), and System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) energy accounts to quantify tourism’s economy-wide energy footprint. Using SAM-based energy multipliers and decomposition, the analysis distinguishes total energy use into direct, supply-chain, and feedback effects. Results show that fossil fuels exhibit 42% open-loop dominance driven by indirect transport and service demand, while 58% arises from feedback effects. In contrast, renewables (80%) and biomass (60%) exhibit more pronounced feedback effects linked to household incomes and grid-based electricity use. Scenario simulations reveal that isolated renewable adoption within tourism reduces fossil fuel dependence by only 12%, whereas a coordinated, economy-wide transition achieves up to 26% reduction. Methodologically, the study advances SAM–SEEA–TSA integration by extending it to sectoral energy analysis, enabling detailed tracing of energy flows and feedbacks within tourism-linked production systems. Policy-wise, it identifies leverage points for systemic decarbonization. The study calls for integrated transition strategies aligning tourism growth with Kenya’s renewable energy and climate agenda. Beyond Kenya, the findings offer transferable insights for developing economies where tourism and fossil-based energy remain interlinked, highlighting the need for coordinated, cross-sectoral energy transitions toward sustainable, low-carbon development.