<p>Brazilian native oilseeds have gained increasing scientific interest due to their nutritional value and potential health benefits related to their bioactive compounds, such as those found in monguba (<i>Pachira aquatica</i>), baru (<i>Dipteryx alata</i> Vog.), and macaúba (<i>Acrocomia aculeata</i>). These oilseeds contain promising bioactive compounds, including phenolics, fatty acids, tocopherols, and phytosterols, that contribute to antioxidant, cardioprotective, and antiproliferative effects. Among them, baru almonds and their oil are the most studied, with role in improving lipid profiles, reducing oxidative stress, and promoting cardiovascular health. Macaúba almond oil has shown effects on improving lipid metabolism and glycemic control. In contrast, monguba seeds remain largely underexplored, with only preliminary studies evaluating their biological potential. While they contain diverse bioactive compounds, some studies have reported controversial potential toxicity, reinforcing the need for further investigation. Despite their potential, research on the biological effects and safety of these oilseeds remains limited. This review highlights the bioactive compounds and health-promoting properties of these species, while also addressing the gaps in toxicological data. Moreover, it underscores the importance of further research to support their incorporation into food systems, contributing to dietary diversification, chronic disease prevention, sustainable use of Brazilian biodiversity, and the development of functional food products.</p>