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<p>Compared with the traditional multi-signature schemes based on mathematical assumptions, a quantum multi-signature protocol (QMSP) has better security due to its security against quantum adversaries. However, most existing QMSPs require both the signers and the verifiers to be quantum participants, who need to have the ability of preparing complex quantum resources and performing various complex quantum operations. In this paper, a semi-quantum multi-signature protocol is proposed. In our protocol, all the singers and verifier are classical parties. By employing simple <i>n</i>-level Z-basis states as quantum resources, the merely perform straightforward permutation operations on quantum states so that the quantum signature is generated, drastically reducing operational costs and offering higher qubit efficiency for the quantum channel. Analyses demonstrate that the protocol can resist various eavesdropping attacks and forgery attacks. Compared with the similar protocols, our protocol has the following merits: (1) the proposed protocol is a semi-quantum one. All the signers and verifier can be classical participants. (2) Its quantum resources are single qubits, which are relatively easier to be prepared than the entangled states. (3) The signers and verifier only need to perform simple operations, such as permutations and Z-basis measurements. (4) It has a better qubit efficiency.</p>

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Semi-quantum multi-signature protocol based on permutation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月18日

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  • Zhengtong Shang,
  • Yuzhuo Han,
  • Xiangjun Xin,
  • Chaoyang Li,
  • Li Gong,
  • Fagen Li

摘要

Compared with the traditional multi-signature schemes based on mathematical assumptions, a quantum multi-signature protocol (QMSP) has better security due to its security against quantum adversaries. However, most existing QMSPs require both the signers and the verifiers to be quantum participants, who need to have the ability of preparing complex quantum resources and performing various complex quantum operations. In this paper, a semi-quantum multi-signature protocol is proposed. In our protocol, all the singers and verifier are classical parties. By employing simple n-level Z-basis states as quantum resources, the merely perform straightforward permutation operations on quantum states so that the quantum signature is generated, drastically reducing operational costs and offering higher qubit efficiency for the quantum channel. Analyses demonstrate that the protocol can resist various eavesdropping attacks and forgery attacks. Compared with the similar protocols, our protocol has the following merits: (1) the proposed protocol is a semi-quantum one. All the signers and verifier can be classical participants. (2) Its quantum resources are single qubits, which are relatively easier to be prepared than the entangled states. (3) The signers and verifier only need to perform simple operations, such as permutations and Z-basis measurements. (4) It has a better qubit efficiency.