<p>We derive by lattice theory a universal quantum certainty relation for arbitrary <i>M</i> observables in <i>N</i>-dimensional system, which provides a state-independent maximum lower bound on the direct sum of the probability vectors in terms of majorization relation. While the utmost lower bound coincides with <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11128_2025_4901_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="112" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((1/N,\ldots ,1/N)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mi>N</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mo>…</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mi>N</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for any two observables with orthogonal bases, the majorization certainty relation for <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11128_2025_4901_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="51" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(M\geqslant 3\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>M</mi> <mo>⩾</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is shown to be nontrivial. The universal majorization bounds for three mutually complementary observables and a more general set of observables in dimension-2 are achieved. It is found that one cannot prepare a quantum state with probability vectors of incompatible observables spreading out arbitrarily. Moreover, we also explore the connections between quantum uncertainty and quantum coherence, and obtain a complementary relation for the quantum coherence as well, which characterizes a trade-off relation of quantum coherence with different bases and is illustrated by an explicit example.</p>

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A universal quantum certainty relation for arbitrary number of observables

  • Ao-Xiang Liu,
  • Ma-Cheng Yang,
  • Cong-Feng Qiao

摘要

We derive by lattice theory a universal quantum certainty relation for arbitrary M observables in N-dimensional system, which provides a state-independent maximum lower bound on the direct sum of the probability vectors in terms of majorization relation. While the utmost lower bound coincides with \((1/N,\ldots ,1/N)\) ( 1 / N , , 1 / N ) for any two observables with orthogonal bases, the majorization certainty relation for \(M\geqslant 3\) M 3 is shown to be nontrivial. The universal majorization bounds for three mutually complementary observables and a more general set of observables in dimension-2 are achieved. It is found that one cannot prepare a quantum state with probability vectors of incompatible observables spreading out arbitrarily. Moreover, we also explore the connections between quantum uncertainty and quantum coherence, and obtain a complementary relation for the quantum coherence as well, which characterizes a trade-off relation of quantum coherence with different bases and is illustrated by an explicit example.