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Purpose <p>This study investigated effects of chemical fertilization (NPK) and combined organic-inorganic fertilization (NPKM and NPKS) strategies under maize/soybean relay intercropping and monocropping systems on (i) crop yield and biomass production, (ii) seasonal soil CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O fluxes and cumulative emissions, and (iii) soil carbon fractions (SOC and DOC) and crop carbon allocation. The purpose of the research was to determine whether integrating organic amendments with intercropping can improve crop productivity while reducing greenhouse gas emissions compared with chemical fertilization alone.</p> Methods <p>A field experiment was conducted comparing three fertilization treatments: inorganic fertilizer (NPK), inorganic fertilizer with organic manure (NPKM), and inorganic fertilizer with maize straw incorporation (NPKS). These treatments were applied to both monoculture and relay intercropping systems of maize and soybean, allowing for a comprehensive analysis of their interactive effects on agronomic and environmental variables.</p> Results <p>Compared with monocropping, maize-soybean relay intercropping significantly increased crop productivity with grain yield increasing by 6.2 to 18.4% across fertilization treatments. The NPKM treatment exhibited highest yield, exceeding NPK treatment by 8.5 to 27.9%. Intercropping reduced cumulative soil CO<sub>2</sub> and N₂O emission by 9.3 to 22.6% and 2.1 to 19.4%, respectively, while enhancing net CH<sub>4</sub> uptake by 27.3 to 135.2%. Soil organic carbon and dissolved organic carbon contents were 6.8 to 21.5% higher under intercropping than monocropping, particularly under NPKM treatment.</p> Conclusion <p>The integration of maize/soybean relay intercropping with organic–inorganic fertilization, particularly NPKM, is a promising strategy. It simultaneously enhances crop yield, improves soil organic carbon sequestration, increases atmospheric CH₄ uptake, and significantly reduces the system’s overall greenhouse gas (GHG) intensity and global warming point (GWP), demonstrating a viable path for climate-smart agriculture.</p>

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Maize–Soybean Intercropping and Organic Amendments as Sustainable Farming for Higher Productivity, Carbon Sequestration, and Greenhouse Gas Reduction

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月13日

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  • Sajad Hussain,
  • Du Yongli,
  • Muhammad Shoaib,
  • Sobia Afzal,
  • Hamideh Ghaffari,
  • Fan Yuanfang,
  • Zhang Deyin,
  • Sana ur Rehman,
  • Amjad Saeed,
  • Yang Xinghong,
  • Anshu Rastogi,
  • Marian Brestic

摘要

Purpose

This study investigated effects of chemical fertilization (NPK) and combined organic-inorganic fertilization (NPKM and NPKS) strategies under maize/soybean relay intercropping and monocropping systems on (i) crop yield and biomass production, (ii) seasonal soil CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O fluxes and cumulative emissions, and (iii) soil carbon fractions (SOC and DOC) and crop carbon allocation. The purpose of the research was to determine whether integrating organic amendments with intercropping can improve crop productivity while reducing greenhouse gas emissions compared with chemical fertilization alone.

Methods

A field experiment was conducted comparing three fertilization treatments: inorganic fertilizer (NPK), inorganic fertilizer with organic manure (NPKM), and inorganic fertilizer with maize straw incorporation (NPKS). These treatments were applied to both monoculture and relay intercropping systems of maize and soybean, allowing for a comprehensive analysis of their interactive effects on agronomic and environmental variables.

Results

Compared with monocropping, maize-soybean relay intercropping significantly increased crop productivity with grain yield increasing by 6.2 to 18.4% across fertilization treatments. The NPKM treatment exhibited highest yield, exceeding NPK treatment by 8.5 to 27.9%. Intercropping reduced cumulative soil CO2 and N₂O emission by 9.3 to 22.6% and 2.1 to 19.4%, respectively, while enhancing net CH4 uptake by 27.3 to 135.2%. Soil organic carbon and dissolved organic carbon contents were 6.8 to 21.5% higher under intercropping than monocropping, particularly under NPKM treatment.

Conclusion

The integration of maize/soybean relay intercropping with organic–inorganic fertilization, particularly NPKM, is a promising strategy. It simultaneously enhances crop yield, improves soil organic carbon sequestration, increases atmospheric CH₄ uptake, and significantly reduces the system’s overall greenhouse gas (GHG) intensity and global warming point (GWP), demonstrating a viable path for climate-smart agriculture.