<p>Suppose that <i>P</i> is a cone of a normed space <i>X</i>. A vector <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11117_2025_1114_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="53" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(x_0\in P\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> <mo>∈</mo> <mi>P</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is a semi-interior point of <i>P</i> if a real number <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11117_2025_1114_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="42" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\rho &gt; 0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>ρ</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> exists so that <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11117_2025_1114_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="105" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(x_0-\rho U_+\subseteq P\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> <mo>-</mo> <mi>ρ</mi> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mo>+</mo> </msub> <mo>⊆</mo> <mi>P</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, where <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11117_2025_1114_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="91" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(U_+=P\cap U\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mo>+</mo> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>P</mi> <mo>∩</mo> <mi>U</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is the positive part of the unit ball <i>U</i> of <i>X</i>. In this article we extent the notion of semi-interior point in topological vector spaces <i>X</i> ordered by a wedge <i>P</i> with a detailed study of these points and properties of the spaces with semi-interior points. To this end we define a new locally convex topology, the <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11117_2025_1114_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="17" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\mathcal {P}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="script">P</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-topology of <i>X</i>, in which the family of sets <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11117_2025_1114_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="116" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(co(U_+\cup (-U_+))\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>c</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mo>+</mo> </msub> <mo>∪</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>-</mo> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mo>+</mo> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, where <i>U</i> is a circled neighborhood of zero, is a fundamental system for this topology. We show that if <i>P</i> has semi-interior points, the topological dual <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11117_2025_1114_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="57" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((X,{\mathcal {P}})^*\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi mathvariant="script">P</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>∗</mo> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> of <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11117_2025_1114_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="49" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((X,{\mathcal {P}})\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi mathvariant="script">P</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and the order dual <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11117_2025_1114_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="27" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(X^\thicksim \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mi>X</mi> <mo>∼</mo> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> of <i>X</i>, coincide. Also we show an analogous result for a space of operators. Finally note that semi-interior points have applications in mathematical economics and also in <i>E</i>-metric spaces.</p>

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Cones with semi-interior points

  • Ioannis A. Polyrakis

摘要

Suppose that P is a cone of a normed space X. A vector \(x_0\in P\) x 0 P is a semi-interior point of P if a real number \(\rho > 0\) ρ > 0 exists so that \(x_0-\rho U_+\subseteq P\) x 0 - ρ U + P , where \(U_+=P\cap U\) U + = P U is the positive part of the unit ball U of X. In this article we extent the notion of semi-interior point in topological vector spaces X ordered by a wedge P with a detailed study of these points and properties of the spaces with semi-interior points. To this end we define a new locally convex topology, the \({\mathcal {P}}\) P -topology of X, in which the family of sets \(co(U_+\cup (-U_+))\) c o ( U + ( - U + ) ) , where U is a circled neighborhood of zero, is a fundamental system for this topology. We show that if P has semi-interior points, the topological dual \((X,{\mathcal {P}})^*\) ( X , P ) of \((X,{\mathcal {P}})\) ( X , P ) and the order dual \(X^\thicksim \) X of X, coincide. Also we show an analogous result for a space of operators. Finally note that semi-interior points have applications in mathematical economics and also in E-metric spaces.