A Conservation of Resources theory-based framework for studying the commute experience

Commuting research often assumes that commuting is a daily grind that elicits stress and strain for travelers. Some scholars have identified evidence that supports the benefits of commuting, but research into this aspect is still relatively limited and does not make a strong connection with the body of works that view commuting as a stressor. This paper offers a more nuanced understanding of commuting by integrating these seemingly separate schools of thought. Drawing from the theoretical lens provided by the Conservation of Resources (COR) theory and research on rest and recovery, we develop and present the Pre-commute/In-commute/Post-commute (PIP) model of commuting, with six propositions. This model views each commute as unique and dynamically shaped by circumstances that occur both before and during the commute. Consequently, the events and experiences that take place after the commute are affected, influencing commuters’ state before their next commute, as well as having an enduring impact on individuals’ health and work-related outcomes. The PIP model also provides a fuller consideration of how individuals can shape the commuting experience through the In-Commute Activities (ICAs) they choose to do. Implications for research and practice are discussed.