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<p>Rice is a staple food crop feeding more than half of the global population, especially in Asia, where it dominates both production and consumption. However, rice cultivation is highly vulnerable to submergence stress caused by submergence, a phenomenon exacerbated by climate change. Submergence impairs oxygen diffusion, disrupts metabolism, and leads to massive yield losses. Despite this, rice possesses unique genetic and physiological traits enabling partial adaptation to this stress. Survival strategies, viz., quiescence (<i>SUB1A</i>-mediated) and escape (<i>Snorkel</i> genes-mediated), are the two primary mechanisms governing rice response to submergence. These responses are regulated by ethylene signaling, gibberellins and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Submergence-tolerant rice varieties optimize energy use, enhance anaerobic respiration, and develop specialized structures like aerenchyma and adventitious roots. Molecular breeding efforts, especially marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC), have introduced <i>SUB1</i> genes into many high-yielding mega varieties like Swarna-<i>SUB1</i> and IR64-<i>SUB1</i>. Meanwhile, germplasm exploration has revealed traditional and wild rice varieties with inherent submergence tolerance. Breeding strategies now integrate genomics, transcriptomics, and QTL mapping to develop flood-resilient varieties. Maintaining oxidative stress through the production of antioxidants also facilitates recovery following submergence. The multi-pronged approach combining genetics, physiology, and modern biotechnology is important for increasing rice productivity under intensifying submergence risks.</p>

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Submergence Tolerance in Rice: Genetic Mechanisms, Physiological Adaptations, and Breeding Strategies of Flood Resilience

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月27日

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  • S. Manju Devi,
  • S. Vignesh,
  • A. John Joel,
  • M. Raveendran,
  • R. Pushpa,
  • R. Suresh

摘要

Rice is a staple food crop feeding more than half of the global population, especially in Asia, where it dominates both production and consumption. However, rice cultivation is highly vulnerable to submergence stress caused by submergence, a phenomenon exacerbated by climate change. Submergence impairs oxygen diffusion, disrupts metabolism, and leads to massive yield losses. Despite this, rice possesses unique genetic and physiological traits enabling partial adaptation to this stress. Survival strategies, viz., quiescence (SUB1A-mediated) and escape (Snorkel genes-mediated), are the two primary mechanisms governing rice response to submergence. These responses are regulated by ethylene signaling, gibberellins and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Submergence-tolerant rice varieties optimize energy use, enhance anaerobic respiration, and develop specialized structures like aerenchyma and adventitious roots. Molecular breeding efforts, especially marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC), have introduced SUB1 genes into many high-yielding mega varieties like Swarna-SUB1 and IR64-SUB1. Meanwhile, germplasm exploration has revealed traditional and wild rice varieties with inherent submergence tolerance. Breeding strategies now integrate genomics, transcriptomics, and QTL mapping to develop flood-resilient varieties. Maintaining oxidative stress through the production of antioxidants also facilitates recovery following submergence. The multi-pronged approach combining genetics, physiology, and modern biotechnology is important for increasing rice productivity under intensifying submergence risks.