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<p>The amino acid glutamate is a neurotransmitter in animals and acts as a signaling molecule in plants. In animals, it activates ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs). Plant glutamate receptors (GLRs) are homologous to the iGluRs. First discovered in the model plant <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> more than 25&#xa0;years ago, GLRs have been identified in numerous plants, including some crops like rice, tomato, soybean, sugarcane, and rapeseed. They have been shown to take part in various physiological processes in plants, including plant development, pollen tube growth, response to various types of biotic and abiotic stresses, including heavy-metal stress, and plant immune response. In this review, we update the recent discoveries regarding origin, evolution, important roles in plants, and structural features of GLRs. Eukaryotic glutamate receptors have probably originated by gene fusion events involving bacterial periplasmic binding proteins with a potassium ion channel. The gene family then expanded in eukaryotes, including plants, and gained different functions. Recent structural studies with a GLR of <i>A. thaliana</i> revealed a three-layer domain architecture much like animal iGluRs with tetrameric assembly. These structural aspects provide an understanding of the activation of the channel by different ligands. These new discoveries provide valuable information regarding structure-function relationships of plant GLRs at the molecular level, which will ultimately contribute to future endeavors regarding plant improvement.</p>

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Recent Advances in Plant Glutamate Receptors: A Concise Review

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月30日

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  • Bidhan Chandra Roy,
  • Ratan Gachhui,
  • Ashutosh Mukherjee

摘要

The amino acid glutamate is a neurotransmitter in animals and acts as a signaling molecule in plants. In animals, it activates ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs). Plant glutamate receptors (GLRs) are homologous to the iGluRs. First discovered in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana more than 25 years ago, GLRs have been identified in numerous plants, including some crops like rice, tomato, soybean, sugarcane, and rapeseed. They have been shown to take part in various physiological processes in plants, including plant development, pollen tube growth, response to various types of biotic and abiotic stresses, including heavy-metal stress, and plant immune response. In this review, we update the recent discoveries regarding origin, evolution, important roles in plants, and structural features of GLRs. Eukaryotic glutamate receptors have probably originated by gene fusion events involving bacterial periplasmic binding proteins with a potassium ion channel. The gene family then expanded in eukaryotes, including plants, and gained different functions. Recent structural studies with a GLR of A. thaliana revealed a three-layer domain architecture much like animal iGluRs with tetrameric assembly. These structural aspects provide an understanding of the activation of the channel by different ligands. These new discoveries provide valuable information regarding structure-function relationships of plant GLRs at the molecular level, which will ultimately contribute to future endeavors regarding plant improvement.