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<p>Blue light (450–470&#xa0;nm), a key regulator of plant growth, development, and secondary metabolism. Whereas its critical role in photomorphogenesis is extensively reported, current advances in light emitting diode (LED) technology and controlled environment agriculture (CEA) have explored its significance in the precision farming of substantial phytochemicals. This review critically explores the molecular and metabolic pathways by which blue light affects morphogenesis and stimulates the biosynthesis of phytochemicals (increases 20–60%, flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolics, and essential oils). We also highlight how photoreceptors such as cryptochromes, phototropins, and Zeitlupe proteins mediate these effects via transcriptional regulators (<i>COP1</i>, <i>HY5</i>) and enzymatic pathways including <i>CHS</i>, <i>FLS</i>, <i>PAL</i>, and <i>TDC</i>, with epigenetic modifications that appear as long-term stabilizers of metabolite output. We critically point out the unresolved issues including photoreceptors' sensitivity associated with species, high efficiency light protocols, and field validation under natural environments. By integrating the principles fundamental to biology with applied research, we determine how blue light enhancement in <i>CEA</i> systems can address global demands for sustainable, significant yield production contributing a non-GMO alternative to synthetic biology. This review emphasizes the potential of blue light research as a sustainable, energy-efficient tool for improving the yield and quality of medicinal plants in modern cultivation systems, and moreover provides a roadmap for mass cultivation with implications for nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and climate resilient farming.</p>

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Blue Light-Mediated Regulation of Growth Morphogenesis and Phytochemical Pathways in Medicinal Plants

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月11日

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  • Ahad Mehmood,
  • Humera Nazir,
  • Yilin Luo,
  • Wenxia Wang,
  • Fatima Urooj,
  • Yongjun Wu

摘要

Blue light (450–470 nm), a key regulator of plant growth, development, and secondary metabolism. Whereas its critical role in photomorphogenesis is extensively reported, current advances in light emitting diode (LED) technology and controlled environment agriculture (CEA) have explored its significance in the precision farming of substantial phytochemicals. This review critically explores the molecular and metabolic pathways by which blue light affects morphogenesis and stimulates the biosynthesis of phytochemicals (increases 20–60%, flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolics, and essential oils). We also highlight how photoreceptors such as cryptochromes, phototropins, and Zeitlupe proteins mediate these effects via transcriptional regulators (COP1, HY5) and enzymatic pathways including CHS, FLS, PAL, and TDC, with epigenetic modifications that appear as long-term stabilizers of metabolite output. We critically point out the unresolved issues including photoreceptors' sensitivity associated with species, high efficiency light protocols, and field validation under natural environments. By integrating the principles fundamental to biology with applied research, we determine how blue light enhancement in CEA systems can address global demands for sustainable, significant yield production contributing a non-GMO alternative to synthetic biology. This review emphasizes the potential of blue light research as a sustainable, energy-efficient tool for improving the yield and quality of medicinal plants in modern cultivation systems, and moreover provides a roadmap for mass cultivation with implications for nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and climate resilient farming.