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<p>Abiotic stresses such as water-deficiency are the most important factor that could impress the agricultural process, causing a reduction of crop yield. Use of fertilizers could improve growth conditions of drought-stressed plants to reduce the damage of water deficit. A field experiment was carried out in a private field located in Askariyeh, Yazd, Iran, area during the two agricultural years of 2017 and 2018. The aim of the experiment was a comparative effect of various bio-fertilizers (mycorrhiza fungi, <i>Azospirillum</i>, and <i>Pseudomonas</i> bacteria) and the addition of organic fertilizer NKP on some yield components, four enzyme activities (APX, CAT, PO, SOD), and two <i>CYP71d176</i> and <i>CYP71D180</i> gene analyses in <i>Thymus vulgaris</i> under three water drought stress conditions. The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with a total of 42 experimental separate blocks. Enzyme activity assays and gene expression analyses were done by spectrophotometry and real-time PCR methods, respectively. The highest and lowest yields of flowering branches were observed in NPK and mycorrhizae treatments at 7- and 17-day irrigation periods, respectively. The highest and lowest rates of essential oil were observed in the <i>Pseudomonas</i> treatment under the 12-day irrigation interval and the <i>Azospirillum</i> treatment under the 7-day irrigation period. These results indicated that <i>Azospirillum</i> fertilization has remarkable effects on most of the measured enzymes in treated plants, whereas NPK fertilization had minimal effect on the changes in enzyme activity. A high expression level (approximately six-fold change) of both genes was observed in treated plants with <i>Azospirillum</i> bio-fertilizer while the lowest expression level (1.3-fold change) was observed in chemical fertilizer application when compared to other treatments. Although the plant response to the applied treatments varied depending on the measured parameters, in most treatments, the values of the assayed traits showed a significant increase compared to the control. According to the acquired results of this work, we conclude that yearly fertilizer application could have a significant effect on molecular and biochemical traits and resulted in an increase of yield components via decrease of drought stress.</p>

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Bio and Organic Fertilizers Application Improves Molecular and Biochemical Response in the Garden Thyme Under Three Levels of Water Stress

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月10日

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  • Farideh Goshasbi,
  • Seyed Kazem Sabbagh,
  • Mostafa Heydari

摘要

Abiotic stresses such as water-deficiency are the most important factor that could impress the agricultural process, causing a reduction of crop yield. Use of fertilizers could improve growth conditions of drought-stressed plants to reduce the damage of water deficit. A field experiment was carried out in a private field located in Askariyeh, Yazd, Iran, area during the two agricultural years of 2017 and 2018. The aim of the experiment was a comparative effect of various bio-fertilizers (mycorrhiza fungi, Azospirillum, and Pseudomonas bacteria) and the addition of organic fertilizer NKP on some yield components, four enzyme activities (APX, CAT, PO, SOD), and two CYP71d176 and CYP71D180 gene analyses in Thymus vulgaris under three water drought stress conditions. The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with a total of 42 experimental separate blocks. Enzyme activity assays and gene expression analyses were done by spectrophotometry and real-time PCR methods, respectively. The highest and lowest yields of flowering branches were observed in NPK and mycorrhizae treatments at 7- and 17-day irrigation periods, respectively. The highest and lowest rates of essential oil were observed in the Pseudomonas treatment under the 12-day irrigation interval and the Azospirillum treatment under the 7-day irrigation period. These results indicated that Azospirillum fertilization has remarkable effects on most of the measured enzymes in treated plants, whereas NPK fertilization had minimal effect on the changes in enzyme activity. A high expression level (approximately six-fold change) of both genes was observed in treated plants with Azospirillum bio-fertilizer while the lowest expression level (1.3-fold change) was observed in chemical fertilizer application when compared to other treatments. Although the plant response to the applied treatments varied depending on the measured parameters, in most treatments, the values of the assayed traits showed a significant increase compared to the control. According to the acquired results of this work, we conclude that yearly fertilizer application could have a significant effect on molecular and biochemical traits and resulted in an increase of yield components via decrease of drought stress.