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<p>Emerging evidence demonstrates that ubiquitination consistently affects the freezing tolerance of fully hydrated seeds. In this study, PN (parthenolide), the ubiquitination inhibitor, was applied in seed imbibition of <i>Brassica oleracea</i> followed by slow cooling (−3&#xa0;°C&#xa0;h⁻<sup>1</sup>). Transcriptomic analysis (RNA-seq) identified the protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) pathway as the most enriched pathway in PN-treated samples, with pronounced alterations in ER-associated degradation (ERAD) functionality. Real-time PCR further showed that the mRNA level of heat shock proteins (HSPs), critical components of ERAD, was induced during slow cooling in the control treatment but was systemically decreased by PN treatment. Given that murine double minute2 (MDM2) is a known target of PN in <i>Homo sapiens</i>, we identified three MDM2-like homologs in <i>Brassica oleracea</i> through protein sequence homology searches using human MDM2 as the query. Real-time PCR demonstrated that <i>BoMDM2 like-2</i> (named as <i>BoHNR</i>, <i>Brassica oleracea HSP-Negative Regulation</i>) was significantly increased under PN imbibition in slow cooling treatment. Knockdown of <i>BoHNR</i> by RNAi was associated with increased mRNA of <i>BoHSPs</i> and higher freezing tolerance of hydrated seeds. Altogether, modifying the function of BoHNR can change the level of <i>HSP</i>s and freezing tolerance of hydrated <i>Brassica</i> seeds.</p>

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Parthenolide Treatment Alters Heat Shock Protein Expression and Reduces Freezing Tolerance in Hydrated Brassica Seeds

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月21日

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  • Yingying Han,
  • Jie Wang,
  • Wenchao Jiang,
  • Weijie Li,
  • Danping Song,
  • Baolin Liu

摘要

Emerging evidence demonstrates that ubiquitination consistently affects the freezing tolerance of fully hydrated seeds. In this study, PN (parthenolide), the ubiquitination inhibitor, was applied in seed imbibition of Brassica oleracea followed by slow cooling (−3 °C h⁻1). Transcriptomic analysis (RNA-seq) identified the protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) pathway as the most enriched pathway in PN-treated samples, with pronounced alterations in ER-associated degradation (ERAD) functionality. Real-time PCR further showed that the mRNA level of heat shock proteins (HSPs), critical components of ERAD, was induced during slow cooling in the control treatment but was systemically decreased by PN treatment. Given that murine double minute2 (MDM2) is a known target of PN in Homo sapiens, we identified three MDM2-like homologs in Brassica oleracea through protein sequence homology searches using human MDM2 as the query. Real-time PCR demonstrated that BoMDM2 like-2 (named as BoHNR, Brassica oleracea HSP-Negative Regulation) was significantly increased under PN imbibition in slow cooling treatment. Knockdown of BoHNR by RNAi was associated with increased mRNA of BoHSPs and higher freezing tolerance of hydrated seeds. Altogether, modifying the function of BoHNR can change the level of HSPs and freezing tolerance of hydrated Brassica seeds.