<p>Sesame (<i>Sesamum indicum</i> L.) is considered the most important temperate and tropical oilseed crop, often referred to as “Queen of Oilseeds" due to its resistance to oxidation and rancidity as well as its high nutritional value. However, various abiotic stressors, such as salt, temperature, waterlogging, drought, and heavy metals, severely limit the production capacity of sesame. The stresses mainly prevalent in arid and semiarid regions have a negative impact on agronomic, physiological and biochemical traits at different stages of sesame growth. As a result, osmotic stress occurs, which impacts metabolic processes like peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), proline, and malondialdehyde (MDA), ultimately causing a decrease in sesame production. Sesame plants possess various physiological and metabolic systems that support stress tolerance. Researchers have identified different genes and gene families, such as ERF and WRKY, DREB, SiTPS, SiSRS, SiGolS, and SiRS, which play a crucial role in helping sesame adapt to different abiotic stimuli. This review paper highlights the impact of the primary abiotic stressors on sesame growth and emphasizes the importance of utilizing molecular tolerance-enhancing techniques. Future studies should prioritize finding and classifyingpotential genes involved in abiotic stress response through the use of modern technologies.</p>