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<p>Salinity is a major environmental factor that can greatly impact the growth, development, and productivity of barley. Therefore, understanding the genetic basis of salt tolerance in barley is a critical aspect of plant breeding for stress resilience using genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Our study aims to detect the natural phenotypic variation of morphological and physiological traits under both salinity and iron nanoparticle treatment (n-Fe). Salt treatment resulted in notable decreases in all germination and seedling parameters, underscoring the detrimental effects of salinity on plant growth and development. Conversely, seeds primed with n-Fe demonstrated substantial increases in the same traits, indicating the potential of n-Fe priming to enhance plant growth parameters under stress conditions. For n-Fe primed seeds, all barley genotypes exhibited significant increments in antioxidant activities, suggesting that n-Fe priming not only boosts growth parameters but also enhances the plant’s antioxidant defense system. GWAS analysis revealed 190 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) mapped on all barley chromosomes and significantly associated with all evaluated traits under all treatments. Based on GWAS, all potential candidate genes were shown to play crucial roles in promoting different abiotic environmental stress conditions, particularly salinity stress. Using quantitative real-time qPCR analysis, this study showed that salinity stress triggered a rapid and intense gene expression response, activating early defense mechanisms, while n-Fe treatment sustained gene activation over time, fostering long-term stress resilience. KH domain-containing protein and WD40 repeat-like protein played key roles in early stress signaling and protein interactions, whereas glycosyltransferase and terpene synthase putatively contributed to metabolic adaptation and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Unlike salinity stress, which induces an immediate physiological burden, n-Fe acts as a stabilizing agent, modulating stress responses without overstimulating cellular pathways. These findings suggest that n-Fe could be a valuable tool for enhancing plant stress tolerance and promoting balanced and sustained resilience in crops facing abiotic stress.</p>

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Genome-Wide Analysis Reveals How Nano-Iron Fortifies Salt-Stressed Barley via Enhanced Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月30日

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  • Fatmah Ahmed Safhi,
  • Ahmad M. Alqudah,
  • Andreas Börner,
  • Samar G. Thabet

摘要

Salinity is a major environmental factor that can greatly impact the growth, development, and productivity of barley. Therefore, understanding the genetic basis of salt tolerance in barley is a critical aspect of plant breeding for stress resilience using genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Our study aims to detect the natural phenotypic variation of morphological and physiological traits under both salinity and iron nanoparticle treatment (n-Fe). Salt treatment resulted in notable decreases in all germination and seedling parameters, underscoring the detrimental effects of salinity on plant growth and development. Conversely, seeds primed with n-Fe demonstrated substantial increases in the same traits, indicating the potential of n-Fe priming to enhance plant growth parameters under stress conditions. For n-Fe primed seeds, all barley genotypes exhibited significant increments in antioxidant activities, suggesting that n-Fe priming not only boosts growth parameters but also enhances the plant’s antioxidant defense system. GWAS analysis revealed 190 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) mapped on all barley chromosomes and significantly associated with all evaluated traits under all treatments. Based on GWAS, all potential candidate genes were shown to play crucial roles in promoting different abiotic environmental stress conditions, particularly salinity stress. Using quantitative real-time qPCR analysis, this study showed that salinity stress triggered a rapid and intense gene expression response, activating early defense mechanisms, while n-Fe treatment sustained gene activation over time, fostering long-term stress resilience. KH domain-containing protein and WD40 repeat-like protein played key roles in early stress signaling and protein interactions, whereas glycosyltransferase and terpene synthase putatively contributed to metabolic adaptation and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Unlike salinity stress, which induces an immediate physiological burden, n-Fe acts as a stabilizing agent, modulating stress responses without overstimulating cellular pathways. These findings suggest that n-Fe could be a valuable tool for enhancing plant stress tolerance and promoting balanced and sustained resilience in crops facing abiotic stress.