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Aims <p>Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) play important roles in cellular detoxification and oxidative stress regulation in plants; however, their involvement in peanut responses to cadmium (Cd) stress under biochar amendment remains poorly understood. Genome-wide analysis identified 96 AhGST genes in peanut and characterized their phylogenetic, structural, and expression profiles under Cd stress and biochar treatments.</p> Methods <p>A total of 96 AhGST genes were identified and analyzed for phylogeny, gene structure, chromosomal distribution, cis-regulatory elements, and expression patterns. Peanut seedlings were grown in Cd-contaminated soil amended with raw biochar or modified biochar (MBC). Plant growth, antioxidant enzyme activities, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and transcript abundance of selected AhGST genes were evaluated.</p> Results <p>The AhGST family was classified into eight subfamilies, marked expansion (Tau subfamily: 77.08%). Several AhGST genes exhibited root-preferential expression and were strongly induced under biochar treatments. Compared with Cd-only treatment, MBC significantly increased plant height (25.6%), root fresh weight (32.4%), and shoot dry weight (28.1%), while enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities and reducing MDA accumulation. qRT-PCR validated expression patterns of nine representative AhGST genes.</p> Conclusions <p>The findings suggest a correlative association between modified biochar treatment and reduced Cd-induced oxidative stress in peanut, accompanied by enhanced antioxidant defense and GST-related transcript accumulation. This study highlights root-preferential AhGST candidates (e.g., AhGSTU1–AhGSTU3) that warrant further functional validation through reverse genetics approaches. These findings provide preliminary evidence supporting further evaluation of biochar applications in legume cultivation on Cd-contaminated soils, pending mechanistic validation.</p>

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Integrated genomic and physiological insights into the GST gene family in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.): effects of modified biochar treatments

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月30日

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  • Muslim Qadir,
  • Noor Muhammad,
  • Rakhwe Kama,
  • Farhan Nabi

摘要

Aims

Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) play important roles in cellular detoxification and oxidative stress regulation in plants; however, their involvement in peanut responses to cadmium (Cd) stress under biochar amendment remains poorly understood. Genome-wide analysis identified 96 AhGST genes in peanut and characterized their phylogenetic, structural, and expression profiles under Cd stress and biochar treatments.

Methods

A total of 96 AhGST genes were identified and analyzed for phylogeny, gene structure, chromosomal distribution, cis-regulatory elements, and expression patterns. Peanut seedlings were grown in Cd-contaminated soil amended with raw biochar or modified biochar (MBC). Plant growth, antioxidant enzyme activities, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and transcript abundance of selected AhGST genes were evaluated.

Results

The AhGST family was classified into eight subfamilies, marked expansion (Tau subfamily: 77.08%). Several AhGST genes exhibited root-preferential expression and were strongly induced under biochar treatments. Compared with Cd-only treatment, MBC significantly increased plant height (25.6%), root fresh weight (32.4%), and shoot dry weight (28.1%), while enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities and reducing MDA accumulation. qRT-PCR validated expression patterns of nine representative AhGST genes.

Conclusions

The findings suggest a correlative association between modified biochar treatment and reduced Cd-induced oxidative stress in peanut, accompanied by enhanced antioxidant defense and GST-related transcript accumulation. This study highlights root-preferential AhGST candidates (e.g., AhGSTU1–AhGSTU3) that warrant further functional validation through reverse genetics approaches. These findings provide preliminary evidence supporting further evaluation of biochar applications in legume cultivation on Cd-contaminated soils, pending mechanistic validation.