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Background <p>Basal stem rot (BSR), caused by&#xa0;<i>Ganoderma</i>&#xa0;spp., is the most destructive disease of oil palm, causing substantial economic losses and threatening sustainable palm oil production worldwide. Lignin, a complex and recalcitrant aromatic polymer, forms the primary structural barrier against pathogen invasion by reinforcing plant cell walls. However,&#xa0;<i>Ganoderma</i>&#xa0;spp. have evolved an efficient ligninolytic machinery comprising extracellular oxidative enzymes that degrade lignin, facilitating host colonization and disease progression.</p> Aim <p>This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the molecular crosstalk between lignin degradation by&#xa0;<i>Ganoderma</i>&#xa0;and lignin-mediated defence responses in oil palm, highlighting recent advances in fungal pathogenicity, host resistance mechanisms, and their implications for sustainable BSR management.</p> Methods <p>Relevant literature published on lignin degradation,&#xa0;<i>Ganoderma</i>&#xa0;pathogenicity, oil palm defence responses, and multi-omics approaches was critically reviewed. Recent findings from genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, secretome analyses, and functional genomics were integrated to elucidate ligninolytic pathways, regulatory networks, and host–pathogen interactions.</p> Results <p>Evidence indicates that coordinated action of laccases, lignin peroxidases, manganese peroxidases, and auxiliary oxidoreductases enables oxidative depolymerization of lignin, promoting fungal invasion and nutrient acquisition. Multi-omics studies have identified key virulence genes, transcriptional regulators, secreted effectors, and metabolic pathways governing fungal pathogenicity. In response, oil palm activates phenylpropanoid metabolism, lignin biosynthesis, reactive oxygen species signalling, and cell wall remodelling, although these defences are frequently suppressed during disease progression. Integrating multi-omics with functional genomics offers promising opportunities for identifying molecular targets for early diagnosis, developing resistant cultivars, and designing sustainable disease management strategies to mitigate BSR in oil palm.</p>

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Molecular crosstalk in oil palm–ganoderma interactions: lignin breakdown and basal stem rot progression

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月5日

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  • Amrutha Lakshmi M,
  • Arutselvan R,
  • Andrea Susan Baby,
  • Javeedvali S,
  • Amjada S. Khan,
  • Pradeep Manyam,
  • Nirmal Sudhir Kumar Harsh,
  • Sumit Kumar,
  • Rohini Verma

摘要

Background

Basal stem rot (BSR), caused by Ganoderma spp., is the most destructive disease of oil palm, causing substantial economic losses and threatening sustainable palm oil production worldwide. Lignin, a complex and recalcitrant aromatic polymer, forms the primary structural barrier against pathogen invasion by reinforcing plant cell walls. However, Ganoderma spp. have evolved an efficient ligninolytic machinery comprising extracellular oxidative enzymes that degrade lignin, facilitating host colonization and disease progression.

Aim

This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the molecular crosstalk between lignin degradation by Ganoderma and lignin-mediated defence responses in oil palm, highlighting recent advances in fungal pathogenicity, host resistance mechanisms, and their implications for sustainable BSR management.

Methods

Relevant literature published on lignin degradation, Ganoderma pathogenicity, oil palm defence responses, and multi-omics approaches was critically reviewed. Recent findings from genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, secretome analyses, and functional genomics were integrated to elucidate ligninolytic pathways, regulatory networks, and host–pathogen interactions.

Results

Evidence indicates that coordinated action of laccases, lignin peroxidases, manganese peroxidases, and auxiliary oxidoreductases enables oxidative depolymerization of lignin, promoting fungal invasion and nutrient acquisition. Multi-omics studies have identified key virulence genes, transcriptional regulators, secreted effectors, and metabolic pathways governing fungal pathogenicity. In response, oil palm activates phenylpropanoid metabolism, lignin biosynthesis, reactive oxygen species signalling, and cell wall remodelling, although these defences are frequently suppressed during disease progression. Integrating multi-omics with functional genomics offers promising opportunities for identifying molecular targets for early diagnosis, developing resistant cultivars, and designing sustainable disease management strategies to mitigate BSR in oil palm.