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Background and aims <p>Soil biotic and abiotic properties can affect plant-soil feedback (PSF), which subsequently modifies plant growth, but how nitrogen (N) fertilization and crop diversity influence PSF is poorly understood.</p> Methods <p>We collected soils from a 5-year field intercropping experiment with maize and faba bean and with or without N fertilization. The untreated (living) or sterilized soils were used for a PSF greenhouse experiment, testing soil biotic and abiotic PSF of N fertilization and crop diversity on growth of maize and faba bean.</p> Results <p>On their home soil, sterilization increased the shoot biomass of maize with and without N fertilization, but decreased them in faba bean under N fertilization, indicating negative biotic PSF for maize and positive for faba bean, especially with N fertilization. Nitrogen fertilization intensified the negative biotic PSF on maize. The negative biotic PSF on maize was less pronounced in intercropping compared to its home soil, but only under N-fertilized conditions. Moreover, in sterilized soils, N fertilization reduced faba bean shoot biomass in its home soil to levels comparable to that in monocultured maize soil, shifting its abiotic PSF from positive to neutral. Under N-fertilized and sterilized conditions, however, faba bean produced higher shoot biomass in intercropping soil than in its home soil, resulting in negative abiotic PSF.</p> Conclusions <p>Our results underscore that N fertilization exacerbates negative biotic PSF in maize and weakens positive abiotic PSF in faba bean. In contrast, intercropping showed positive effects by mitigating the negative biotic and abiotic effects of long-term N-fertilization.</p>

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Biotic and abiotic feedbacks from long-term nitrogen fertilization and intercropping conditioning affect the growth of maize and faba bean

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月25日

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  • Dan Liao,
  • Liyang Wang,
  • Jasper van Ruijven,
  • Chaochun Zhang

摘要

Background and aims

Soil biotic and abiotic properties can affect plant-soil feedback (PSF), which subsequently modifies plant growth, but how nitrogen (N) fertilization and crop diversity influence PSF is poorly understood.

Methods

We collected soils from a 5-year field intercropping experiment with maize and faba bean and with or without N fertilization. The untreated (living) or sterilized soils were used for a PSF greenhouse experiment, testing soil biotic and abiotic PSF of N fertilization and crop diversity on growth of maize and faba bean.

Results

On their home soil, sterilization increased the shoot biomass of maize with and without N fertilization, but decreased them in faba bean under N fertilization, indicating negative biotic PSF for maize and positive for faba bean, especially with N fertilization. Nitrogen fertilization intensified the negative biotic PSF on maize. The negative biotic PSF on maize was less pronounced in intercropping compared to its home soil, but only under N-fertilized conditions. Moreover, in sterilized soils, N fertilization reduced faba bean shoot biomass in its home soil to levels comparable to that in monocultured maize soil, shifting its abiotic PSF from positive to neutral. Under N-fertilized and sterilized conditions, however, faba bean produced higher shoot biomass in intercropping soil than in its home soil, resulting in negative abiotic PSF.

Conclusions

Our results underscore that N fertilization exacerbates negative biotic PSF in maize and weakens positive abiotic PSF in faba bean. In contrast, intercropping showed positive effects by mitigating the negative biotic and abiotic effects of long-term N-fertilization.