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Background and aims <p>Sustaining soil organic carbon (SOC) is critical for soil fertility and crop productivity in intensive cropping systems. However, the effects of long-term straw return combined with different urea types on organic carbon components, soil fertility, and wheat yield remain unclear.</p> Methods <p>Based on a 10-year field experiment (2013–2023) in a wheat–maize rotation system in North China, we evaluated how straw return and urea type interact to influence SOC, soil fertility, and wheat yield during the wheat-growing season.</p> Results <p>Straw return significantly increased SOC and all measured fractions compared with no straw return. Among straw return, controlled-release urea (CRFS) enhanced average SOC by 7.9% and 24.5% compared with conventional urea (BBFS) and no urea (CKS), respectively, with concurrent increases in particulate organic carbon (POC), mineral-associated OC, dissolved organic OC, easily oxidized OC, and microbial biomass C. These improvements in the carbon pools, especially the conversion of POC into a higher soil fertility index (SFI), and the CRFS treatment achieved the highest SFI value. Compared with the no-straw return, the straw return increased the 10-year average yield by 4.0% with controlled-release urea and 5.3% with conventional urea. Under straw return, CRFS further increased average yield by 13.3% and improved yield stability by 27.3% relative to BBFS. Structural equation modeling confirmed that CRFS enhanced NH₄⁺-N availability, thereby promoting POC and SOC accumulation and ultimately elevating SFI and wheat yield.</p> Conclusion <p>Overall, integrating straw return with controlled-release urea is an effective strategy to enhance SOC sequestration, soil fertility, and wheat productivity.</p>

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Straw return combined with controlled-release urea enhances wheat yield and soil fertility by regulating soil organic carbon fractions: a 10-year field experiment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月28日

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  • Yongxiang Gao,
  • Zhaoming Qu,
  • Haojie Feng,
  • Zhiguang Liu,
  • Min Zhang,
  • Yanli Liu,
  • Ronghui Ma,
  • Chengliang Li

摘要

Background and aims

Sustaining soil organic carbon (SOC) is critical for soil fertility and crop productivity in intensive cropping systems. However, the effects of long-term straw return combined with different urea types on organic carbon components, soil fertility, and wheat yield remain unclear.

Methods

Based on a 10-year field experiment (2013–2023) in a wheat–maize rotation system in North China, we evaluated how straw return and urea type interact to influence SOC, soil fertility, and wheat yield during the wheat-growing season.

Results

Straw return significantly increased SOC and all measured fractions compared with no straw return. Among straw return, controlled-release urea (CRFS) enhanced average SOC by 7.9% and 24.5% compared with conventional urea (BBFS) and no urea (CKS), respectively, with concurrent increases in particulate organic carbon (POC), mineral-associated OC, dissolved organic OC, easily oxidized OC, and microbial biomass C. These improvements in the carbon pools, especially the conversion of POC into a higher soil fertility index (SFI), and the CRFS treatment achieved the highest SFI value. Compared with the no-straw return, the straw return increased the 10-year average yield by 4.0% with controlled-release urea and 5.3% with conventional urea. Under straw return, CRFS further increased average yield by 13.3% and improved yield stability by 27.3% relative to BBFS. Structural equation modeling confirmed that CRFS enhanced NH₄⁺-N availability, thereby promoting POC and SOC accumulation and ultimately elevating SFI and wheat yield.

Conclusion

Overall, integrating straw return with controlled-release urea is an effective strategy to enhance SOC sequestration, soil fertility, and wheat productivity.