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Background and aims <p>Single-strain Bradyrhizobium inoculants are constrained by environmental stress and competition from indigenous soil microorganisms. Co-inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) or fungi has been proposed to enhance symbiotic efficiency and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) yield, yet outcomes vary widely and no prior synthesis has stratified fungal and bacterial co-inoculants across globally representative datasets. This meta-analysis quantified the field-scale effect of co-inoculation on soybean yield and shoot biomass, assessed microbial functional group and geographic region as moderators, and mapped global evidence gaps.</p> Methods <p>Following PRISMA 2020, searches of Web of Science and Scopus identified 45 studies from 42 primary reports. A random-effects model (REML) was fitted to log response ratios for 31 field yield and 11 shoot biomass comparisons. Publication bias was assessed by funnel-plot inspection, Egger's regression, and Rosenberg's Fail-Safe N.</p> Results <p>Co-inoculation significantly increased soybean grain yield by 21.17% (95% CI: 15.8–26.8%, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.0001; Fail-Safe N = 4,119), with extreme between-study heterogeneity (I<sup>2</sup> = 93.78%). Geographic region (QM = 27.24, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.0001) and microbial functional group (QM = 22.81, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.0001) were significant moderators. Fungal co-inoculants produced a higher mean yield increase (30.26%, k = 6) than PGPR consortia (19.06%, k = 25). Research was concentrated in South America and Asia; Europe and Sub-Saharan Africa remain underrepresented.</p> Conclusions <p>Microbial co-inoculation consistently enhanced soybean yield under field conditions, though high residual heterogeneity indicates strong context dependence. Expanded temperate-zone trials and standardized physiological reporting are needed for effective deployment of microbial consortia.</p>

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A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of co-inoculating Bradyrhizobium with PGPR and fungi on soybean (Glycine max) in the major regions of the world

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月9日

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  • David Sandala,
  • Veronika Bártová,
  • Adéla Stupková,
  • Markéta Jarošová,
  • Joachin Onyekachi Omeke,
  • Mangala Nissanka Nissanka Arachchi Appuhamilage,
  • Jan Bárta

摘要

Background and aims

Single-strain Bradyrhizobium inoculants are constrained by environmental stress and competition from indigenous soil microorganisms. Co-inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) or fungi has been proposed to enhance symbiotic efficiency and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) yield, yet outcomes vary widely and no prior synthesis has stratified fungal and bacterial co-inoculants across globally representative datasets. This meta-analysis quantified the field-scale effect of co-inoculation on soybean yield and shoot biomass, assessed microbial functional group and geographic region as moderators, and mapped global evidence gaps.

Methods

Following PRISMA 2020, searches of Web of Science and Scopus identified 45 studies from 42 primary reports. A random-effects model (REML) was fitted to log response ratios for 31 field yield and 11 shoot biomass comparisons. Publication bias was assessed by funnel-plot inspection, Egger's regression, and Rosenberg's Fail-Safe N.

Results

Co-inoculation significantly increased soybean grain yield by 21.17% (95% CI: 15.8–26.8%, p < 0.0001; Fail-Safe N = 4,119), with extreme between-study heterogeneity (I2 = 93.78%). Geographic region (QM = 27.24, p < 0.0001) and microbial functional group (QM = 22.81, p < 0.0001) were significant moderators. Fungal co-inoculants produced a higher mean yield increase (30.26%, k = 6) than PGPR consortia (19.06%, k = 25). Research was concentrated in South America and Asia; Europe and Sub-Saharan Africa remain underrepresented.

Conclusions

Microbial co-inoculation consistently enhanced soybean yield under field conditions, though high residual heterogeneity indicates strong context dependence. Expanded temperate-zone trials and standardized physiological reporting are needed for effective deployment of microbial consortia.