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Background <p>Rice co-culture systems are increasingly recognised as a promising strategy for sustainable intensification and climate resilience.</p> Gap <p>Nevertheless, a key gap persists in comprehensively understanding the reconfigured plant–microbe-environment relationships that underpin these advantages.</p> Objective <p>This review&#xa0;aims to demonstrate how these systems reengineer plant–microbe-environment interactions across diverse scales, from rhizosphere chemistry to ecosystem-level nutrient fluxes.</p> Methods <p>We systematically searched the literature, screened relevant studies, and thematically synthesised the evidence on plant-microbe-environment interactions, yield responses, nitrogen dynamics and methane (CH<sub>4</sub>)&#xa0;emissions in Rice co-culture systems.</p> Results <p>The quantitative synthesis of individual and meta-analyses revealed that rice co-culture systems increase grain yield by 5–20% compared to monoculture and enhance synthetic nitrogen uptake by 10–30% through improved nutrient recycling and microbial nitrogen transformation. Concurrently, CH<sub>4</sub> emissions often decrease by 15–40% due to changes in redox heterogeneity, enhanced oxygen (O<sub>2</sub>) diffusion, and an altered balance of methanogen and methanotroph genes (e.g., <i>mcrA/pmoA</i>). We conceptualize the rice co-culture holobiont as a reorganized network in which the diversified root exudate chemistry, faunal bioturbation, soil physicochemical properties (redox, O<sub>2</sub>, pH), and organic matter contributions collectively reengineer microbial community assembly, functional redundancy, and metabolic coupling. Rice co-culture enhances nutrient utilization and pathogen control, and stabilizes yields under abiotic stress, with its effects influenced by genotype, water regime, animal density, and soil conditions.</p> Conclusion <p>Integrating ecological theory, microbial indicators, and agronomic metrics, the review proposes testable hypotheses and design principles to optimize climate-smart systems and clarify essential resource allocations.</p>

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Plant–microbe-environment reconfiguration in rice co-culture systems: mechanisms for sustainable intensification and climate resilience

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月7日

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  • Abdulai Merry Kamara,
  • Dongdong Zhang,
  • Jianwei Lin,
  • Virakbot Hou,
  • Bin Wen,
  • Mustapha Sly Bayon,
  • Xugan Wu

摘要

Background

Rice co-culture systems are increasingly recognised as a promising strategy for sustainable intensification and climate resilience.

Gap

Nevertheless, a key gap persists in comprehensively understanding the reconfigured plant–microbe-environment relationships that underpin these advantages.

Objective

This review aims to demonstrate how these systems reengineer plant–microbe-environment interactions across diverse scales, from rhizosphere chemistry to ecosystem-level nutrient fluxes.

Methods

We systematically searched the literature, screened relevant studies, and thematically synthesised the evidence on plant-microbe-environment interactions, yield responses, nitrogen dynamics and methane (CH4) emissions in Rice co-culture systems.

Results

The quantitative synthesis of individual and meta-analyses revealed that rice co-culture systems increase grain yield by 5–20% compared to monoculture and enhance synthetic nitrogen uptake by 10–30% through improved nutrient recycling and microbial nitrogen transformation. Concurrently, CH4 emissions often decrease by 15–40% due to changes in redox heterogeneity, enhanced oxygen (O2) diffusion, and an altered balance of methanogen and methanotroph genes (e.g., mcrA/pmoA). We conceptualize the rice co-culture holobiont as a reorganized network in which the diversified root exudate chemistry, faunal bioturbation, soil physicochemical properties (redox, O2, pH), and organic matter contributions collectively reengineer microbial community assembly, functional redundancy, and metabolic coupling. Rice co-culture enhances nutrient utilization and pathogen control, and stabilizes yields under abiotic stress, with its effects influenced by genotype, water regime, animal density, and soil conditions.

Conclusion

Integrating ecological theory, microbial indicators, and agronomic metrics, the review proposes testable hypotheses and design principles to optimize climate-smart systems and clarify essential resource allocations.