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Background and aims <p>Cadmium (Cd) in soil accumulates in rice, posing health risks. Selenium (Se) can reduce Cd while enriching Se, addressing both Cd contamination and Se deficiency. This review examines the multidimensional impacts of Se–Cd interactions on soil–rice systems.</p> Objective <p>This study innovatively establishes an integrated analytical framework of “multidimensional impacts, cross-scale mechanisms, and risk assessment” to systematically clarify the core value and intrinsic mechanisms of Se application, balancing its benefits against potential risks.</p> Results <p>Cross‑scale integration reveals a multi‑tiered defense against Cd contamination. In the rhizosphere, Se reduces Cd bioavailability through Cd-Se precipitation, pH elevation, and enrichment of Cd‑resistant bacteria. At the root surface, iron plaque formation physically sequesters Cd<sup>2</sup>⁺. Within root cells, Se upregulates genes involved in vacuolar Cd sequestration while downregulating those involved in Cd uptake and long-distance transport. Foliar-applied Se directly blocks Cd translocation from leaves to grains by enhancing Cd sequestration and suppressing Cd transporter genes. Both routes are reinforced by enhanced antioxidant capacity and preserved photosynthetic function.</p> Conclusion <p>Foliar Se at heading stage is a safe and effective method for Cd reduction and Se enrichment in mildly Cd-contaminated soils. This review provides a cross‑scale assessment from soil to crop, supporting safe production of low-Cd and Se‑enriched rice.</p>

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Se fertilizer regulation of cadmium pollution in rice fields: Cross- scale mechanisms for Cd reduction and Se enrichment—risk–benefit balance

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月22日

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  • Peng Zhang,
  • Liang Xie,
  • Zhichen Hu,
  • Yuanying Kuang,
  • Jinyan Zhang,
  • Yihua Wei

摘要

Background and aims

Cadmium (Cd) in soil accumulates in rice, posing health risks. Selenium (Se) can reduce Cd while enriching Se, addressing both Cd contamination and Se deficiency. This review examines the multidimensional impacts of Se–Cd interactions on soil–rice systems.

Objective

This study innovatively establishes an integrated analytical framework of “multidimensional impacts, cross-scale mechanisms, and risk assessment” to systematically clarify the core value and intrinsic mechanisms of Se application, balancing its benefits against potential risks.

Results

Cross‑scale integration reveals a multi‑tiered defense against Cd contamination. In the rhizosphere, Se reduces Cd bioavailability through Cd-Se precipitation, pH elevation, and enrichment of Cd‑resistant bacteria. At the root surface, iron plaque formation physically sequesters Cd2⁺. Within root cells, Se upregulates genes involved in vacuolar Cd sequestration while downregulating those involved in Cd uptake and long-distance transport. Foliar-applied Se directly blocks Cd translocation from leaves to grains by enhancing Cd sequestration and suppressing Cd transporter genes. Both routes are reinforced by enhanced antioxidant capacity and preserved photosynthetic function.

Conclusion

Foliar Se at heading stage is a safe and effective method for Cd reduction and Se enrichment in mildly Cd-contaminated soils. This review provides a cross‑scale assessment from soil to crop, supporting safe production of low-Cd and Se‑enriched rice.