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Background and Aims <p>Despite its potential to improve zinc (Zn) uptake in crop roots, the underlying mechanisms of the effect of hydrochar on Zn uptake remain poorly understood, limiting its utilization in agriculture. Mycelial activity and Zn dynamics occurring in the hyphosphere and rhizosphere soils are hypothesized to be the dominant processes, warranting further investigation.</p> Methods <p>A rhizobox system with five compartments was established for maize, incorporating three hydrochar application rates and two levels of AMF inoculum. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry was employed to detect total Zn in plants and available Zn in soil. High-performance liquid chromatography and a total organic carbon analyzer were used to measure low-molecular-weight organic acids and dissolved organic matter concentrations, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was employed to detect functional groups on the surface of hydrochar.</p> Results <p>Hydrochar addition enhanced AMF-mediated Zn uptake by 74.2%, resulting in a 54% increase in total Zn accumulation in maize plants. Hydrochar-induced increases in hyphal biomass, formic acid secretion, and total DOM in the hyphosphere nearly doubled the DTPA-Zn content. Furthermore, hydrochar redistributed rhizosphere Zn into carbonate-bound and manganese oxide–bound fractions and reduced the residual Zn pool.</p> Conclusion <p>The synergistic mechanism by which hydrochar and AMF promote Zn uptake in maize involves enhanced AMF hyphal growth, which stimulates hyphal exudate–facilitated Zn mobilization in the hyphosphere and drives Zn speciation transformation in the rhizosphere. This process ultimately enhances Zn acquisition through both root and hyphal uptake pathways.</p>

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Synergistic effects of hydrochar and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on zinc uptake in maize: Roles of mycelial networks and rhizosphere processes

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月18日

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  • Haipeng Xu,
  • Yuqing Liu,
  • Xiao Zhang,
  • Hongyu Si,
  • Hewei Yu,
  • Yumin Liu,
  • Bing Wang,
  • Xiuxiu Chen

摘要

Background and Aims

Despite its potential to improve zinc (Zn) uptake in crop roots, the underlying mechanisms of the effect of hydrochar on Zn uptake remain poorly understood, limiting its utilization in agriculture. Mycelial activity and Zn dynamics occurring in the hyphosphere and rhizosphere soils are hypothesized to be the dominant processes, warranting further investigation.

Methods

A rhizobox system with five compartments was established for maize, incorporating three hydrochar application rates and two levels of AMF inoculum. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry was employed to detect total Zn in plants and available Zn in soil. High-performance liquid chromatography and a total organic carbon analyzer were used to measure low-molecular-weight organic acids and dissolved organic matter concentrations, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was employed to detect functional groups on the surface of hydrochar.

Results

Hydrochar addition enhanced AMF-mediated Zn uptake by 74.2%, resulting in a 54% increase in total Zn accumulation in maize plants. Hydrochar-induced increases in hyphal biomass, formic acid secretion, and total DOM in the hyphosphere nearly doubled the DTPA-Zn content. Furthermore, hydrochar redistributed rhizosphere Zn into carbonate-bound and manganese oxide–bound fractions and reduced the residual Zn pool.

Conclusion

The synergistic mechanism by which hydrochar and AMF promote Zn uptake in maize involves enhanced AMF hyphal growth, which stimulates hyphal exudate–facilitated Zn mobilization in the hyphosphere and drives Zn speciation transformation in the rhizosphere. This process ultimately enhances Zn acquisition through both root and hyphal uptake pathways.